Spain’s Progressive Biennium and Espartero’s Regency: 1840-1856
Progressive Biennium (1854-1856)
In 1854, discontented progressives and moderates staged a military coup known as the Vicalvarada (Vicálvaro), led by General O’Donnell. This uprising was accompanied by the Manzanares Manifesto, which reflected a strong desire to reform the existing political system.
A frightened and unsupported Queen Isabella II named Espartero as head of government, while O’Donnell, who had the support of the military, was appointed Minister of War. The new Cortes produced a new
Read MoreC Data Structures: Stack, Binary Tree, Queue Implementations
C Stack Implementation: LIFO Data Structure
A stack is a fundamental linear data structure that follows the Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) principle. This means the last element added to the stack is the first one to be removed. Stacks are commonly used in various computing scenarios, such as function call management, expression evaluation, and undo/redo functionalities.
Key Stack Operations
- Push: Adds an element to the top of the stack. If the stack is full, it results in a “Stack Overflow” error.
- Pop:
Earth’s Geological Foundations: Rocks, Minerals, and Layers
Earth’s Internal Structure
The Earth’s interior is composed of distinct layers:
- The Crust: Varies in thickness from 0 km to approximately 60 km.
- The Mantle: Extends from the base of the crust down to about 2,900 km.
- The Core: Reaches from 2,900 km to the Earth’s center at approximately 6,370 km.
The Lithosphere: Earth’s Rigid Outer Shell
The Lithosphere is the rigid outermost shell of the Earth, encompassing the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. It is the region where most significant geological
Read MoreImpact of the Industrial Revolution: Labor, Socialism, and Anarchism
The Labor Movement and Social Welfare
The accelerated industrialization brought forth a new social class: the proletariat. Workers exchanged their labor for money, often enduring 14 to 16-hour days in heavily polluted sites with strict discipline. There was no insurance, no weekends, and nothing protected the workers. Wages were extremely low, barely at subsistence level, and life was miserable. Houses and neighborhoods lacked basic sanitation or hygiene.
Chartism: Early British Workers’ Demands
Very
Read MoreInfluential Spanish Figures: Arts, Science, History, and Thought
120 Notable Spanish Figures
A Pantheon of Spanish Greats
- José Ortega y Gasset
- Juan de la Cierva
- Santiago Ramón y Cajal
- Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, El Gran Capitán
- Don Pelayo
- Isabella I of Castile, the Catholic
- Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra
- Félix Lope de Vega
- Francisco Gómez de Quevedo y Villegas Santibáñez
- Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez
- Fray Bartolomé de las Casas
- Marcelino Menéndez Pelayo
- Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz
- Juan de Herrera
- Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, El Cid
- Philip II of Spain
- Charles III of
Key Concepts in Earth’s History and Microbiology
Earth’s Ancient History and Life’s Emergence
Major Evolutionary Milestones
- Solar System Forms: Approximately 14 billion years ago (bya)
- Earth Forms: Approximately 4.6 bya
- Formation of Planet Earth: 4.5 bya
- Prokaryotes First Appear: 3.5 bya
- Eukaryotes First Appear: 1.8 bya
- Multicellular Organisms Appear: 1.5 bya
- Animals Appear in Fossil Record: 600 million years ago (mya)
- Fungi and Plants Colonize Land: 490 mya
- Early Humans Appear (Not Modern Man): 2.5 mya
Early Earth Conditions
- Initially fiery and chaotic.
- Atmosphere
Business English & Daily Conversations: Key Vocabulary & Grammar
Company Inquiries
- What’s her name?
- What’s her work phone number?
- What’s her work phone number?
- What’s her email address?
- What’s her job?
- What’s her company’s address?
- Which company is she from?
Adisco Company Profile
Adisco is a company where many people with disabilities work. They produce many different candles. The raw material is wax of many colors and qualities. They make candles of many shapes and send them to Spain and other countries. There are about 50 employees in the factory. The financial position
Read MoreModern Connections: Friendships, Personality, and Online Dating
The Dynamics of Modern Relationships
In-Person vs. Online Friendships
I maintain contact with friends both in person and online. I generally prefer meeting friends in pubs, at bars, or at home, as in-person communication offers a richer experience. When together, it’s easier to:
- Gauge their true feelings
- Observe their gestures and body language
- Listen to their tone of voice
- Assess their mood accurately
However, I also value staying connected through platforms like Facebook and Twitter. Personally, I use
Read MoreParenteral Drug Production: Formulation and Manufacturing Process
Parenteral Drug Formulation Components
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs)
- Parenteral Agents
Vehicles and Solvents
- Aqueous Vehicles: Purified Water for Injection
- Non-Aqueous Vehicles: Ethanol, Polyethylene Glycols (PEG 200, 400, 600), Glycofurol
- Soluble Oils: Vegetable Oils, Esters
Excipients and Pharmaceutical Aids
Solubilizing Agents
- Cosolvents
- Surfactants
- Acids
- Bases
- Amino Acids
pH Regulators
- Acids
- Regulating Bases
- Buffer Mixtures
Isotonicity Agents
- Inorganic (e.g., Sodium Chloride)
- Organic Compounds
Preservatives
- Alcohols
- Phenols
- Esters
- Quaternary
Advertising Terminology: Key Concepts & Definitions
Advertising Terminology
- Advertisements (Ads)
- A paid notice or announcement, such as of goods for sale, published in newspapers or magazines, or broadcast on radio or television.
- Advertisement Revenue
- Provides a significant portion of the funding for most privately owned television networks.
- Ad Overlay
- A type of advertisement that shows at the bottom of the TV screen, which blocks out some of the picture.
- Animation
- Often used in advertisements. By using animated characters, an advertisement may have a certain