South America, Africa, and the Caribbean: A Geographic Perspective
Andes Mountains
The Andes are the longest mountain range in the world, located in western South America, stretching from Venezuela to Chile.
Lecture 1: Key Geographic Questions
Geographers explore the location of things, the reasons behind their placement, and how humans interact with their surroundings.
Divisions of Geography
- Physical Geography: Study of natural landscapes (mountains, rivers).
- Human Geography: Study of human societies (cities, cultures).
- Regional Geography: Study of specific regions.
Regionalization
Defining
Read MoreGlobal Socioeconomic Challenges and Development
External Debt
Historically, certain countries have acted as creditor centers for peripheral nations, often with creditors like the IMF and central banks. Recently, debt has been increasing, mirroring the political and monetary interests of debtor countries. Many peripheral economies depend on monoculture plantations. This reliance on a single product creates precarious situations. Droughts, price drops, or other issues can leave these countries without alternative currency sources.
Fair Trade
One
Read MoreUnderstanding Social Responsibilities and Values
Understanding Social Behavior
Types of Responsibilities
- Promise of Speech: When one undertakes to do or say anything, they are responsible for fulfilling that promise.
- Contractual Promises: Signing a contract makes us responsible for the agreement.
- Assignments: When we assign responsibility to another, not only are they responsible, but we are also responsible for having assigned it.
- Occupations: When we are responsible for a job, we are also responsible for its outcome, whether good or bad.
- Citizen Rights:
Transformations in the Late 19th Century: Europe and Spain
The Second Half of the Nineteenth Century
During the second half of the nineteenth century, capitalism was consolidated in the more advanced countries, and states in the modern sense emerged, with a central government, unitary legislation, a common tax system, etc.
In social terms, the bourgeoisie and proletariat were very widespread, whose clashes were ongoing. In parallel, the old nobility continued to decline. Although the bourgeoisie and nobility continued fighting over power, the middle class
Read MoreCharacteristics of Scientific and Technical Language
Language in Scientific and Technical Texts
The scientific and technical discourse is typical of scientific disciplines and, along with other discourses, is called professional language. Science tries to explain the laws governing the phenomena that make up our physical reality. Hence, the need for precision in this type of universal knowledge means that scientific-technical discourse has the following general characteristics:
- Universality
- Verifiability
- Objectivity
- Clarity
- Rigor
Scientific-technical texts
Read MoreKey Communication Terms Defined
Values – Beliefs that are long-lasting; they dictate attitudes towards people.
Beliefs – A conviction.
Attitude – Causes us to act in a positive and negative way.
Interpersonal Communication – Communication involving at least two people.
Intrapersonal Communication – Communication within oneself.
Small Group Communication – Communication involving at least three people.
Public Communication – Transmission of a message from a single person to numerous people.
Mass Communication – A single sender sends a
Read MoreFuture Tenses and Conditionals Review
English Language Practice
Future Forms Exercises
Exercise 1
- Are you coming
- I’ll
- are going to visit
- will be
- is taking
- I’ll phone
Exercise 2
- is going to run
- will come
- ’ll lie
- is going to visit
- are driving
Exercise 3
Humans won’t travel outside the solar system for hundreds of years.
What time is Peter coming?
I’ll have a burger and chips, please.
Maria is going to buy a new moped next week.
I hope my boyfriend will remember my birthday.
Exercise 4
- ’ll have finished
- ’ll be playing
- ’ll be standing
- will have
Class Formation and Labor Movements in 19th Century Spain
Emergence of Class Society in 19th Century Spain
Economic Principles of Capitalism
The division of society shifted towards classes based on ownership and economic roles: owners, middle classes, and workers. New economic relationships emerged:
- Mutual Agreement: Formalized through contracts.
- Wealth Distribution: Through wages, profits, and rent.
- Income Sources: Rent from land (landowners), return on investment (capitalists), and wages from labor (salaried workers).
The New Ruling Class Structure
- Nobility:
Flood Dynamics: Hazards, Risks, and Prevention
Understanding Flood Risks and Causes
Floods are a destructive geological phenomenon within the geosphere. Their causes can be geological, climatic, and anthropogenic, originating from events like hurricanes, heavy rainfall leading to river overflow, channel obstructions, and more.
Types of Flood Events
Flooding in continental watercourses (avenidas) can be categorized into two main types:
Torrential Floods
These originate in streams or dry riverbeds carved by water on steep slopes. Water flows sporadically
Read MorePhilosophy: Core Distinctions and Historical Periods
Philosophy vs. Religion
Philosophy differs significantly from religion primarily because philosophy does not rely on revealed knowledge. Philosophical knowledge is acquired through rational reflection on human experience and history, using reason as its primary tool. We understand concepts in philosophy because we can reason about them. In contrast, religion often involves knowledge based on faith rather than reason; one accepts certain truths based on trust in a revealed source, even if they are
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