Major Historical Transformations: 1770s-1870s
American Revolution & U.S. Constitution
Tensions Between Colonies and Britain
- Economy
- Raw materials to Britain
- Colonies dependent on British goods
- Enslaved Black labor on plantations
- Trade Monopolies
- Britain controlled trade
- Colonies barred from direct international trade
- Taxation Without Representation
- No representation in Parliament
- Key protests against taxes:
- Stamp Act
- Tea Act
- Key Events
- 1773: Boston Tea Party (protest against Tea Act)
- 1774: Delegates met, grievances listed
- 1776: Declaration of Independence
Essential Organizational Behaviour Concepts & Theories
Essential Organizational Behaviour Concepts
Class 2: Introduction to OB
Definition: The study of how individuals, groups, and structure affect behavior in organizations.
Foundations of OB:
- Multidisciplinary
- Contingency (it depends)
- Multiple levels (micro, meso, macro)
- Open systems
Workplace Challenges:
- Individual: Motivation, satisfaction
- Group: Diversity, conflict
- Organizational: Globalization, ethics, new technology
Class 3: Personality & Emotions
Big Five Personality Traits (CANOE):
- Conscientiousness
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
- Openness
Spain’s 19th Century: Liberalism, Absolutism, and Social Transformation
War and Liberal Revolution (1808-1814)
The Crisis of Charles IV’s Reign
A year after Charles IV (1788-1808) ascended to the throne, the French Revolution began. The King of Spain joined the international coalition against France, hoping to stop the spread of liberal ideas. However, the French armies defeated Spain (1793-1795). This led to a change of strategy by Manuel Godoy, Charles IV’s prime minister. He made an alliance with Napoleon against England, France’s main enemy. The Treaty of Fontainebleau
Lazarillo de Tormes: Picaresque Novel Analysis
Lazarillo de Tormes: Birth of the Picaresque Novel
Lazarillo de Tormes opens a new subgenre: the picaresque novel. It is a pseudo-autobiographical story about the origins of a miserable character, Lázaro, who is soon abandoned by his family and provides service to several masters. The picaresque protagonist has a strong character and a desire to thrive. Picaresque stories often attempt to explain a final statement of dishonor.
Authorship and Early Editions
Dated in 1554, the earliest known editions
Read MoreSt. Thomas Aquinas: Philosophy, Life, and Enduring Legacy
St. Thomas Aquinas: Faith, Reason, and Philosophy
The Compatibility of Faith and Reason
St. Thomas Aquinas, a revered theologian and admirer of Aristotle, asserted that Aristotelian philosophy was entirely compatible with Christian faith. He believed that theological and philosophical truth is singular and unique, accessible through various paths. The ultimate truth, God, is the final object of all knowledge. While divine revelation provides profound insights, knowledge of God can also be approached
Read MoreCompany Law Fundamentals: Structure, Formation, and Capital
Understanding Companies: Definitions and Features
Definition of a Company
A company is a legal entity separate from its members, created by law, with its own rights, duties, and liabilities. It is a business organization formed to carry out specific activities as defined in its charter. Companies have the ability to own property, incur liabilities, and engage in business transactions in their own name.
- According to Section 2(20) of the Companies Act, 2013, “Company means a company incorporated under
Art Movements: Neoclassical to Early 20th Century Painting
Neoclassical Art
Characteristics: Greco-Roman styles, pediments, domes, stone, and French Pantheon balance. Emphasis on beauty, elegance, harmony, proportion, multiple views, slender bodies, and light effects.
Principles: Very academic, basic drawing and painting, geometric forms and symmetrical compositions. Lighting effects and values emphasizing personal sacrifice, honor, power, and militarism.
Key Artists: Jacques-Louis David (Oath of the Horatii, The Rape of the Sabines, The Coronation of Napoleon)
Read MoreMusical Eras: Baroque, Renaissance, Classicism, and Medieval
Baroque Period (17th – Early 18th Century)
Features:
- Music aims to surpass the word, prioritizing harmonic systems.
- Voices have varying importance; a primary melody is accompanied by others (melody and accompaniment).
- Use of dissonance.
- Well-defined rhythm.
- Instrumental and vocal music are distinct.
Periods:
- Early Baroque (1580-1630): Focused on dissonance.
- Mid-Baroque (1630-1680): Rise of opera and vocal music.
- Late Baroque (1680-1750): Concert style.
Late Renaissance (14th-16th Century)
Features:
- Polyphonic
Scientific Methods, Symbols, and Human Communication
Empirical sciences study observable facts and are testable through experience (via the senses). These include natural sciences (e.g., physical chemistry and ecology) and social sciences (e.g., sociology, psychology, anthropology, and history). They are part of the hypothetico-deductive method.
Formal sciences study the human mind and prove their claims through logical and coherent reasoning. Mathematics and logic are examples, forming part of the deductive method.
The Hypothetico-Deductive Method
The
Read MoreRajinder Mishra Character Analysis in Akhil Sharma’s ‘Family Life’
Rajinder Mishra: A Complex Character in Akhil Sharma’s ‘Family Life’
Akhil Sharma’s autobiographical novel, Family Life, draws its characters directly from the author’s real-life experiences. While Ajay serves as the central character, the entire Mishra family plays prominent roles in the development of the novel’s plot. Rajinder Mishra, father to Ajay and Birju and the family patriarch, is a particularly significant figure. His decision to emigrate his family from India to America, driven by the
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