Habermas and Arendt on the Public Sphere
Habermas on the Public Sphere
In one of his earliest writings, Habermas defines the concept of “public opinion” in relation to the “public sphere.” By “public sphere,” he means an area of our social life in which public opinion can be formed. Entry is open to all citizens. Citizens behave as a public when they gather freely, without pressure, and with the guarantee of being able to express and freely publish their opinions about opportunities for acting in the general interest. For a large audience,
Read MoreData Communication Concepts and Transmission Methods
Data Communication Fundamentals
Core Concepts in Data Communication
Data Communication: The process of communicating information in binary form between two or more points. It requires four basic elements:
- Transmitter: A device that transmits data.
- Message: The data to be transmitted.
- Medium: The path data takes from source to destination.
- Receiver: The device receiving the data.
Bit: The smallest unit of information and the base unit for communications.
Byte: The minimum continuous set of bits that enables
Read MoreLegal Basis of Brazil’s SUS
Constitution of 1988
Article 196
Health is everyone’s right and a duty of the State, guaranteed through social and economic policies aimed at reducing the risk of diseases and other health problems, and ensuring universal and equal access to programs and services for its promotion, protection, and recovery.
Legal and Regulatory Foundations
- Organic Health Law No. 8080 of 09/19/1990
- Law No. 8142 of 12/28/1990
- Basic Operational Norms (NOB) established in 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1996
- Constitutional Amendment
Patient Rights, Ethics, and Care Fundamentals
Patient Rights
- To be informed of their rights and duties.
- Respect in which their dignity and privacy are maintained.
- To be informed of the service provider who will deliver healthcare.
- That all associated information is confidential.
- That their information is not used for classes or research without consent.
- To choose their doctors and other health professionals.
- To know the name of the doctor who is treating them.
- To obtain the medicines they need.
- A choice of treatments that their doctor will propose.
- To
London Corresponding Society: Reform & Repression
Attempts to increase the number of voters in Britain had been made since the 1760s, but these efforts had come to nothing. The Society for the Promotion of Constitutional Information had been established by Major John Cartwright in 1784 as part of the campaign for parliamentary reform, but with the onset of the French Wars, many of the reform clubs had ceased to operate.
Early British Reform Movements
Thomas Paine encouraged the re-establishment of the Society for the Promotion of Constitutional Information
Read MoreTeaching History Concepts in Early Childhood
Difficulty Teaching Social Sciences Early
Initial premise: The concept of time and History can be taught and learned in Early Childhood Education.
Traditional Views in Spain
Traditionally, teachers in Spain have tended to think that it is only possible to teach history in the third cycle of primary education (Hernandez, 2000; Santisteban, 2000). Social sciences were not taught at the initial level because educators thought that the children were too young to understand their contents, characterized
Read MoreSpanish Rule in the Americas
Spanish Colonial Administration
Spanish administration in the Americas was exercised authoritatively either directly from the mainland (through institutions such as the Casa de Contratación, which received taxes collected in America and controlled the entry and exit of people and goods, and the Consejo de Indias), or through representatives of the metropolis in America (viceroys, governors, audiencias, and cabildos). Until the eighteenth century, there were two vice-royalties: New Spain and Peru.
Read MoreVirgil: Life and Major Works
Virgil: Life and Works
Virgil was born in Mantua in 70 BC into a modest family. Around the age of twenty, he went to Rome to perfect his knowledge of rhetoric. He could not practice oratory because he lacked the temperament or attitude: he was ill, shy, and had a weak presence. Dispossessed of his father’s estate, he returned to Rome, explained his situation to Augustus, and was granted an indemnity and an estate in Campania. In the final days of his life, he lived in a villa in Naples that Augustus
Read MoreConcepts of Beauty, Art, and Aesthetics
Defining Beauty
Virtue of the nature and works of art and literature, which causes our enjoyment and thus attraction and love for such property.
The ancient Greeks wrote of a number of features of beauty: light, symmetry, proportion, and persuasive power.
Plato reflects on beauty in several works, seeking its definition, the idea of beauty, and “objective beauty of love.”
Kant indicates values in judgments about beauty and taste, classifying their types: pleasant, beautiful, and selfless pleasure. He
Read MoreGoods Production Process
Products and Services
The production process results in new products and a network of complementary products. Using some products requires installed facilities, infrastructure, and support services. The availability of various technology products and associated services greatly influences our lifestyle.
Production Companies
The elaboration of different types and varieties of technological products is carried out by manufacturing administrations. Multinational companies have commercial offices and production
Read More