Understanding Sensory Responses and Thermoregulation in Humans
RC Sensory
Meissner’s corpuscles detect surface touch or gentle caresses.
Merkel cells detect surface pressure.
Pacini’s corpuscles detect vibration, phasic deep, wide field, and are unmyelinated.
Ruffini endings detect skin stretch.
Physiological Response to Heat
Heat increases skin temperature, leading to increased cutaneous blood flow. Venous return from the extremities to the heart occurs via superficial veins. If the thermal gradient is large enough, sweating begins, leading to skin cooling through
Key Figures and Concepts in Catalan Literature
Joanot Martorell (Gandia, 1414-1468)
A distinguished writer and gentleman, Joanot Martorell is renowned for his 15th-century masterpiece, Tirant lo Blanc. This epic novel recounts the adventures of Tirant across various lands, including England, France, Rhodes, Sicily, and Constantinople. The narrative also details his love for Carmesina and their journey to Africa, set against the backdrop of the fall of the Greek Empire.
Tirant lo Blanc is celebrated for its unique blend of:
- Facts and fiction
- Military
Spanish Literary Movements: Neoclassicism to Naturalism
Neoclassical Poetry: Storytelling and Didacticism
Neoclassical poetry tends to be didactic and beautiful, often deviating from intimacy. The fable form is particularly conducive to how language creates its ideals and satirical intentions.
- Félix María de Samaniego
- Tomás de Iriarte
- Juan Meléndez Valdés
Neoclassical Theater
Leandro Fernández de Moratín
A prominent playwright whose most important rule for comedy was good taste, adhering to the rule of three unities (action, time, and place). His works
Read MoreUnderstanding Global Inequality: Samir Amin, Raul Prebisch, and Hegemonic Cycles
Understanding Global Inequality: Samir Amin and Structuralist Thought
Samir Amin, a prominent figure in the structuralist and Marxist schools of thought, focused on the roots of global inequality. His analysis attributes inequality to two primary factors:
The Productivity Gap and Access to Technology
A significant productivity gap exists due to unequal access to technology. Productivity, defined as the capacity to produce, is directly enhanced by technological access. Developed nations benefit from
Read MoreCore Concepts of Business and Enterprise Management
Elements of a Company
An Organization is a collective unit (e.g., corporation, institution) or a single entity formed by one person (usually the owner).
Human Elements refer to the individuals who work for and/or invest in the company’s development.
Material Goods are all tangible assets owned by the company, such as facilities, offices, and furniture.
The Land, composed of natural assets, refers to the natural resources utilized in the production of goods or services by a specific company.
Work consists
Read MoreThe Age of Enlightenment: Ideas, Politics, and Economy
The Age of Enlightenment
The Old Regime
The term Old Regime was initially used by revolutionaries to describe the era preceding the French Revolution. Historians later adopted it to characterize the period between the 15th and 18th centuries.
The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment was an ideological movement that emerged in opposition to the ideas of the Old Regime. It proposed:
- Faith in human reason
- Promotion of scientific advancements
- Criticism of the Old Regime
Dissemination of Enlightenment Ideas
Enlightenment
Read MorePhilip II’s Foreign Policy and the European Old Regime Era
Philip II’s Foreign Policy and European Dominance
Philip II’s reign was marked by significant foreign policy challenges and triumphs that solidified Spain’s position as a dominant European power.
France
Pope Paul IV allied with France, aiming to expel the Spanish from Naples. However, the decisive Spanish victory at the Battle of Saint-Quentin and the subsequent Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559 ended this confrontation. This treaty established Spain as the hegemonic and most powerful country in Europe.
Read MoreLouis XIV’s Absolute Monarchy and 17th Century European Power
Absolutism in 17th Century Europe
In the 17th century, European monarchs sought to impose absolutism, also known as the divine right of kings. They believed that God had given them their power and that they were His representatives on Earth. This conviction granted them the right to exercise unlimited power. The monarch controlled all branches of the State: he passed laws, governed, and served as the supreme judge.
Louis XIV: The Sun King (1643-1715)
Louis XIV, known as the Sun King (1643-1715), was
Read MoreSpain’s 19th Century: Crisis, Liberalism, and Conflict
The Crisis of the Bourbon Monarchy
Carlos IV and the Napoleonic Era
The crisis of the Bourbon monarchy began with the reaction of the monarchy of Carlos IV against Revolutionary France. War was declared in 1793, lasting until 1795. This conflict proved to be a failure, leading Manuel Godoy to make a sharp turn in foreign policy. Soon, Napoleon gained influence, authorizing the French army to pass through Spain to attack Portugal. This provoked the outbreak of the Mutiny of Aranjuez in 1808.
Faced with
Read MoreHolding International Organizations Accountable: Legal Frameworks and Challenges
International Organizations: Accountability Challenges
International organizations, like states, can be held responsible for their actions, but the system to make them truly accountable is unclear and very limited. These organizations have international legal personality, which means they can have obligations and be held liable for their conduct.
However, there is no specific court to enforce accountability. Victims often have no real legal path to claim justice. There are three main problems: