Print Journalism: Structure, Functions, and Genres
Print Journalism
The press offers multiple formats—written daily, weekly, graphic magazines, and trade press (athletic, musical, etc.)—whose structure depends on the content and the issuer’s intentions.
Journalistic Space
A newspaper is structured and hierarchical. Its external configuration provides a precise format organized into pages divided into columns. Inside, it is a complex entity divided into multiple sections (national, economic, etc.).
The newspaper’s ranking process prioritizes some
Read MoreGolden Age of Spanish Literature: A Deep Dive into Four Literary Giants
Garcilaso de la Vega (1501-1536)
Overview
Garcilaso de la Vega revolutionized Spanish lyric poetry in 1543 with his Petrarchan-influenced works. His collection, comprising sonnets, eclogues, songs, elegies, an epistle, and traditional poems, set a new standard for Spanish poetry.
Themes and Poetic Evolution
Love, melancholy, and the pain of absence are central themes in Garcilaso’s poetry. Nature, often depicted as a locus amoenus, reflects his inner world and provides solace. Other recurring themes
Read MoreSpanish Population Dynamics: Growth, Distribution, and Migration
1. Population Distribution in Spain
1.1 A Historical Process: Densification and Depopulation
Spain’s population has experienced continuous growth since the 18th century, accelerating throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. This growth shifted from high mortality rates to strong population growth due to the decline of catastrophic deaths and infant mortality. A key characteristic of this growth has been its concentration in coastal areas, leading to depopulation of inland regions starting in the 17th
Read More18th-Century Journalism & Don Quixote
18th-Century Journalism
Origins of Journalism
The origins of journalism and the periodical press can be traced back much earlier than the 18th century.
- Volandres Sheets: Appeared in the 15th century, thanks to the invention of printing, becoming widely known and popular.
- Almanacs: Developed during the 16th century, along with semi-annual publications.
- Gazettes: Played an important role in politics and diplomacy. These were European and published weekly.
- Mercury: Published monthly with a more literary
18th & 19th Century Spanish Literature: From Neoclassicism to Romanticism
18th Century Spanish Literature
Post-Baroque, Neoclassicism, and Pre-Romanticism
18th-century Spanish literature showcased diverse styles. The Post-Baroque, marked by exhausted meaning and form, attempted to emulate Góngora without his creative genius. Neoclassicism, the defining style of the Enlightenment, prioritized reason over emotion. Finally, Pre-Romanticism emerged, emphasizing emotion and foreshadowing the Romantic era.
Lyrical Subgenres
Key lyrical subgenres included:
- Anacreontic and pastoral
Chivalry, Courtly Love, and Eroticism in Tirant lo Blanch
Tirant lo Blanch: A Multifaceted Novel
Military Prowess and Strategy
The novel showcases medieval warfare with striking detail, emphasizing both the author’s ambition and the quantitative descriptions of military actions and strategies. The narrative vividly portrays the deployment of tactics, such as the ingenious substitution of crossbow projectiles with projectiles made of soap and cheese against the Turks.
Social Customs of the Time
Tirant lo Blanch offers a window into the lives and customs of
Read MoreGeneration of ’98: Literature, Renewal, and Existentialism in Spain
1. The Generation of ’98
The “Generation of ’98,” a term coined by Azorín in 1913, refers to a group of Spanish writers who grappled with the nation’s decline following the Spanish-American War. These writers, including Azorín himself, Pío Baroja, Miguel de Unamuno, Ramiro de Maeztu, Antonio Machado, and Ramón del Valle-Inclán, sought solutions to transform Spain. Their characteristic features include:
- A critical view of Spain
- Natural language in the service of thought
- Renovation of all literary
Spanish Poetry’s Silver Age: A Golden Era of Literature
Spanish Poetry’s Silver Age (1900-1939)
Spanish poetry flourished from the advent of Modernism until the Spanish Civil War. This era, known as the Silver Age, featured prominent figures like Antonio Machado, Juan Ramón Jiménez, and Federico García Lorca.
Historical Context of the Spanish Civil War
The 19th century concluded with the Disaster of ’98, marked by the loss of Cuba and the Philippines. The reign of Alfonso XIII began, during which Spain engaged in a war with Morocco. This, coupled with
Read MoreJacint Verdaguer and the Catalan Renaissance
Romanticism
Romantic artists, influenced by the Enlightenment’s emphasis on individual rights and free expression, reacted against the established rules of Classical and Renaissance art embraced by Neoclassicism. Romanticism aimed to reveal the subjective and irrational aspects of humanity, previously concealed by rigid social and aesthetic norms.
The Origins of Romanticism
In the latter half of the 18th century, pre-Romantic movements emerged, challenging Classical aesthetics and Enlightenment rationalism.
Read More16th-Century Italian Renaissance Art: Architecture, Sculpture & Painting
XVI Century Italian Renaissance Art
Architecture
Quattrocento and Classicism
- Renaissance architecture was innovative, with many outstanding religious buildings.
- Architects sought the ideal city.
- Classical decorative and structural elements were used freely, such as Tuscan columns, balustered columns, new capital orders, domes, and arches.
- Symmetry, simplicity, and human-scaled spaces were valued.
- Central-plan buildings with domes were preferred.
- Light played a key role in creating clarity.
- Walls regained