Spain’s Generation of ’98: Authors and Literary Impact
The Generation of ’98: Spanish Literary Renewal
Core Members and Context
This generation is formed by a group of writers whose main components include:
- Miguel de Unamuno
- Ramón del Valle-Inclán
- Pío Baroja
- Azorín (José Martínez Ruiz)
- Antonio Machado
All these writers were born around the same time and were profoundly moved by a common event: the Spanish decline and the crisis of 1898. They confronted the same problems, stemming from the unfortunate image of Spain, which had fallen into apathy and disinterest.
Read MoreUnderstanding Autonomous Communities’ Powers and Finances
Other Institutions
The Ombudsman
The Ombudsman defends the rights and freedoms of citizens against abuse by the Regional Administration, based on law or administrative procedure.
The Court of Auditors
The Court of Auditors (CA) audits public accounts of the Public Administrations (AAPP), including those of the Autonomous Communities (CCAA), councils, and municipalities. It manages and controls public expenditure and accounting of the autonomous regions, municipalities, and the council.
The Advisory Council
The
Read MoreCore Legal Principles and Branches of Law
Fundamentals of Law and Legal Systems
Law establishes rules that govern society and define the status of individuals and entities within it. Legal rules create rights, impose obligations, and bring institutions to life.
Understanding Legal Subjects and Permissions
The primary legal subjects in law are humans, although, in theory, the law can grant the status of a legal subject to other entities.
Permissions within the law can be understood in two ways:
- Implicit Permission: Actions are permitted if there
Spain’s Tumultuous Path: From Monarchy to Republic
Opposition and Unrest in Spain
Opposition to the regime included Carlists. Basque and Navarre forces never fully decided to renounce weapons. Republican parties, based in urban middle classes, defended democracy and various social reforms.
The worker’s movement, particularly anarchists, formed a majority group in Spain. Following the 1881 Law of Associations, the Federation of Workers in the Spanish Region was born (Anselmo Lorenzo). In 1910, the National Labor Confederation (CNT), Spain’s biggest
Read MoreUnderstanding Computer Basics: Hardware, Software, and Components
Understanding Computer Basics
Information: Part of the technology that deals with the automatic processing of information, necessary equipment, means of communication, and data storage. For information to be processed, there must be a transmitter, a receiver, a means, and a support.
Computer
A group of electronic devices whose function is the automatic processing of information. Computers are able to distinguish two states:
- Open: When no current is present, represented by a 0.
- Closed: When current is
Decolonization Models, Post-War Economy, and US Situation
Decolonization Models and the Cold War
Decolonization occurred within the framework of the Cold War, constrained by alignment with one bloc or another. The 1955 Bandung Conference led to the rise of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Models of Decolonization
Smith identifies several decolonization models:
- Elite Not Dependent on Metropolis: Where the elite ruled directly, as in Algeria, the nationalist movement was compact and homogeneous, leading to a bloody decolonization due to long-term property ownership.
18th Century Spain: Society, Culture, and Literature
Historical and Cultural Context
Society and Culture: Absolute monarchy was imposed on the church. Socially, the bourgeoisie grew while the nobility and clergy maintained their privileges. The culture valued the philosophy of science and disseminated theories about social welfare, humanitarianism, and deism. It advocated a utilitarian or didactic art.
Aesthetic: Neoclassicism: The model is inspired by Greco-Roman and Renaissance architecture and is designed to reflect good taste. It aspires to be elegant,
Read MoreWorld War II Origins: Fascism, Crisis, and Expansion
Source and Cause of the War
The 1930s were a period of instability. Two major factors contributed to the origins of World War II: the expansionism of fascist dictatorships and the economic crises of the 1930s. The economic crisis created a climate conducive to the exacerbation of nationalism and totalitarian solutions. A number of events ended the brief period of international cooperation inaugurated by the Locarno Pact and the Kellogg-Briand Pact. With Hitler in power in Germany, it soon became
Read MoreClimate of Spain and the Canary Islands
The warm current of the Gulf of Mexico influences the Galician coast, providing warm water. A branch breaks off and heads west towards the Canary Islands. While encountering warmer waters to reach the archipelago, this current, known as the Canary Current, has lower temperatures than the surrounding water body. This temperature difference increases air stability during summer.
Relief
The orientation (upwind or downwind) and height of the terrain influence thermal gradients. The primarily zonal orientation
Read MoreUnderstanding Key Financial Ratios
Economic Ratios Explained
Asset Turnover Ratios
Total Assets Turnover
Formula: Net Sales / Average Total Assets
Fixed Assets Turnover
Formula: Net Sales / Average Fixed Assets (PPE – Accumulated Amortization)
Current Assets Turnover
Formula: Net Sales / Average Current Assets
Sales Profitability Ratios
Gross Profit Margin
Formula: (Net Sales – Cost of Sales) / Net Sales
Operating Profit Margin
Formula: EBIT / Net Sales
Economic Profitability Ratios
Return on Assets (ROA)
Formula: EBIT / Average Total Assets