The Restoration in Spain: A Period of Stability and Change
Introduction
General Martínez Campos goes against Serrano for Alfonso XII when they turn 18 in Sagunto. Previously, he had manifested his offer to get the country out of the crisis that led to the republic; Sagunto’s manifesto states that Serrano leaves and Cánovas can already form a provisional government headed by Antonio Cánovas, with two imminent ideas:
- Prepare the return of the new King.
- Constituent elections to choose the courts by universal suffrage.
Thus begins a long period in the history
Read More19th Century Spanish Agricultural Reforms & Disentailment
Situation d XIX Century Spanish agriculture:
According to the census of the active population d Godoy trabjo agricultura.Mayor part d inthe land in the hands dla church, nobility and orders militares.Varios groups linked to the land: 1.
Large stately states:
subject to mayorazgo.2.
Campesinos d land and livestock owners:
leasing their farms to other campesinos.3.
Ls tenant farmers:
as lease payments and leasing land x q foreros long periods in return d 1 or income census fija.4.
Pelentrines Laborers
Read MoreThe Napoleonic Wars and the Spanish Crisis (1792-1840)
1792-G.De coalition until 1815 / / 1795 – Basel
France returns P.De territories spanish 5 years ALIANSA am cereals and livestock and France. / T 1796 of St.Ildefons:
england spain stop importing American form of the English attack, spain and vigilance against aketa ATAK fransen shifts. / st B.De 1797. Vincent ships esp. And Fran. Senfronten to Corsan. Spain goes undefeated. / / 1800 II invasion of portugal T.St.Ildefons not atrakesin English ships in the harbor. / / 1801 G.De portugal vs.Españ
17th Century European Painting: Styles and Artists
17th Century European Painting
Painting Techniques and Themes
Artists continued to use fresco in vaults, domes, and walls, and oil on canvas became more widespread. The range of subjects expanded to include grotesque, ugly, and unpleasant aspects of life. Religious themes and portraits remained popular, alongside mythological scenes, historical events, landscapes, and still lifes.
Aesthetic Features
- Realism vs. beauty
- Expressiveness of figures in gestures and faces
- Movement and dynamism
- Contrasting illumination
The Spanish Second Republic: From Reform to Revolution (1930-1934)
The Spanish Second Republic (1930-1934)
The Fall of the Monarchy and the Provisional Government (1930)
Following the resignation of Primo de Rivera in January 1930, the Pact of San Sebastián (August 1930) forged a new alliance. Republicans, Catalan nationalists, and even some monarchists agreed to abolish the monarchy, proclaim a Republic, and create a provisional government. This government would approve a new constitution and an autonomy statute for Catalonia. The PSOE and CNT also lent their
Read MoreThe Rise of Industrial Capitalism and its Impact on Society
Banking and Finance
The conversion of banking into an intermediary notified the stockbrokers who delivered their deposits to industrialists who needed to invest. The integrity of the companies required large capital for their operations, which they alone could not supply. Thus emerged the corporations, with fractional shares. These shares could be acquired or sold to a specialized institution.
The Expansion of Industrial Capitalism
Industrialization spread to France, Belgium, and Russia. Between 1850
Read MoreEconomic & Social Transformation in Spain: 1959-1973
Development: (1959-1973)
During this period, Spain experienced a high-growth economy and underwent industrialization. This led to a developed urban phenomenon, an increase in the average standard of living, and significant social change, all while under the Franco dictatorship.
1. Economic Development:
In 1959, an economic stabilization plan was implemented to stimulate the economy. Key elements of this plan included:
- Foreign investments, credits, and equity
- Foreign exchange from Spaniards working in
GeoRef: Global Geographic Reference System Explained
GeoRef: A Global Geographic Reference System
GeoRef, short for Global Geographic Reference System, is a method for expressing location, not a grid if no convenient way exists to express latitude and longitude. It facilitates fast information retrieval and is crucial for various transactions, including inter-alidade, aerial, air, and anti-aircraft warfare operations.
Use Cases
- Suitable for: Transactions between units, aerial operations, air operations, and anti-aircraft warfare.
- Not Suitable for: Naval
17th & 18th Century Spanish Literature: Movements & Styles
17th & 18th Century Spanish Literature
Culteranismo
Characterized by elaborate and ornate language, Culteranismo is best exemplified by Luis de Góngora. This style emphasizes formal beauty, vivid imagery, and sensory details. Key features include:
- Brilliant metaphors
- Hyperbaton (altered word order)
- Cultisms (obscure vocabulary)
Conceptismo
Represented by Francisco de Quevedo and Baltasar Gracián, Conceptismo focuses on the density and collision of expression, prioritizing wit and ingenuity. This
Read MoreMasterpieces of Art and Architecture
Parthenon
Chronology
447-432 BC
Style
Classic Greek style, built by Iktinos and Callicrates, under the supervision of Phidias.
Materials
Pentelic marble and wood.
Building System
Trabeated.
Preceding the Parthenon, there was an initial temple that was never finished and was replaced by the current construction. This building, done on a human scale, with a predominance of straight lines, as implied by the trabeated construction. Greek architecture took Egyptian architecture as a reference, also marked by
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