Primo de Rivera’s Dictatorship (1923-1930): Rise and Fall
Alfonso XIII and Primo de Rivera’s Dictatorship (1923-1930)
Introduction
Miguel Primo de Rivera, a military figure from a distinguished family, initiated his career at 14, serving in colonial destinations like Morocco, Cuba, and the Philippines. His rapid advancement led him to become a general in 1912. Despite his ties to Africanist military groups, he advocated for abandoning North African colonies, facing political repercussions. By 1919, he held positions in mainland Spain, including Captain General
Read More19th Century Spanish Social and Demographic Transformations
Demographic Growth and Migration
During the 19th century, Spain experienced significant population growth, increasing by 80%. This growth was tempered by a high mortality rate (27% in 1900) due to poor sanitation, famine, infant mortality, and epidemics like yellow fever and cholera. The birth rate, however, remained high throughout the century, resulting in a low vegetative growth rate, characteristic of the Old Regime demographic model. This model began to shift after the 1885 cholera epidemic.
Read MoreCell Cycle and Division: Mitosis and Meiosis Explained
Cell Cycle and DNA Variation
How would you explain to someone not seeing the graphics how the amount of DNA varies over time?
- G1 phase: One unit of DNA.
- S phase: DNA synthesis; DNA duplicates.
- G2 phase: Chromosomes begin to form; DNA is double the amount in G1.
- M phase: Mitosis and cytokinesis.
Mitosis
Mitosis involves nuclear division where the nuclear envelope breaks down and chromosomes condense. Then, the nucleus splits into two.
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm.
Phases of Mitosis
Anaphase:
Read MoreThe Second Spanish Republic: A Tumultuous Era
INTRO TO THE SECOND REPUBLIC
It was an attempt to modernize the state, taking as a model Western European countries such as France, Germany, or Britain. An attempt to approach European development. This attempt collided with the privileges and interests of the dominant class (an oligarchy linked to the church and the army who did not want to lose their privileges and opposed the Second Republic from the beginning, leading to the start of the civil war and the dictatorship, which meant 40 years of
Read MoreStructure of the Universe and Plate Tectonics
Structure of the Universe
Galaxies
Galaxies are grouped in clusters called superclusters, which are arranged in filaments. They are accumulations of cosmic dust, nebulae, and stars. The space between galaxies is called the interstellar medium.
The Milky Way
The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy with nebulae, dust, and 10 to 30 million stars. Our sun is located in one of its arms.
Parts of the Milky Way:
- Medulla or Nucleus: A cluster of old stars, possibly with a black hole in the center.
- Disk: Contains cosmic
Renaissance Cities, Trade, and the Rise of Modern Society
Causes of Renaissance Cities
Agricultural Development
Improvements introduced in the field since the eleventh century increased food production. Not everyone living in the country could produce their own food, and the population increased.
Population Growth
This increase is largely due to agricultural improvements. Those without sufficient land tried to go to cities to earn their livings in other professions, allowing for increased yields and agricultural existence of descendants.
Development of Trade
Cities
Read More18th Century Spain: War of Succession & Enlightened Despotism
Spain in the 18th Century
The War of Succession and the Treaty of Utrecht
Charles II, the last Habsburg king, died in 1700 without an heir and left the throne to Philip of Anjou, a Bourbon. However, Archduke Charles of Habsburg did not accept this decision, leading to the War of Succession. This war was both a European conflict (between the Franco-Spanish side and England, Portugal, and Savoy) and a civil war (with the Crown of Castile supporting Philip and the Crown of Aragon supporting Archduke
Read MoreEconomic and Social Changes in Spain During Franco’s Dictatorship
Autarqia (1939-1950)
The first stage of Franco’s dictatorship was marked by an economic policy of autarky, aiming for self-sufficiency and reducing imports. This was driven by the economic difficulties of the post-Civil War period and Spain’s international isolation following World War II.
Key features of this period:
- Economic isolation and state intervention in production, distribution, and pricing.
- Creation of the Instituto Nacional de Industria (INI) to produce goods that the private sector couldn’
The First Spanish Republic: A Tumultuous Period
IV. The First Spanish Republic
1. Weaknesses of the New Regime
The new Republic had two forms of understanding the country: the unitary and centralized state, and the federal and decentralized state. The period covered less than a year when the coup d’état of Pavia overthrew the Republican State. The first Republican president was Estanislao Figueras (February 24th), with whom the Constitution of 1869 remained in place, removing elements related to the monarchy.
2. The Federal Republic
With the victory
Read MoreWorld War I: A Comprehensive Overview
The War of Positions
New Fronts and Stalemate
Both the Central Powers and the Allied Powers opened new fronts and incorporated new participants:
- The Central Powers, joined by the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, attempted to seize the Dardanelles but failed. Russia launched successful attacks in the Caucasus. The Allies encouraged the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman persecution of Armenian Christians, supported by their allies, led to the Armenian genocide, resulting in over a million