Medical and Everyday Vocabulary in English and French
Medical Vocabulary
Common Ailments
I don’t feel very well. I’ve felt sick for a few days. I have a sore throat. I’ll have a look. Open your mouth wide, please. He’s recovering from a serious illness. When people are ill, the government pays them an illness allowance. This medicine can be used to cure headaches, toothaches, and stomachaches. Take two pills. What is the number of her surgery? Antibiotics can be given with a prescription only. You should feel better within two or three days. He died
Read MoreEnglish Grammar Cheat Sheet: Tenses, Vocabulary & Connectors
English Grammar Cheat Sheet
Verb Tenses
Present Simple
Form: I/You/We/They work; He/She/It works; Do I work?; Does he work?
Use: Expresses routines, habits, scientific facts, schedules, and programs. (always, usually, often, sometimes)
Present Continuous
Form: I am playing; You/We/They are playing; He/She/It is playing. – I am not playing; We aren’t playing; He isn’t playing. – Am I playing?; Are you playing?; Is he playing?
Use: Expresses actions happening at the moment, actions in progress in the present.
Read MoreKingdom Protista & Fungi: Characteristics, Classification & Examples
Classification of Protists
Protists are divided into three groups: Protozoa, Algae, and Fungi-like protists.
A) Protozoa
Protozoa are unicellular, microscopic organisms with a standard cellular structure. Some species have a hard carapace surrounding them, which can be made of calcium carbonate, silica, etc. They are always heterotrophs. Most live freely, but there are also symbionts and parasites of both animals and plants. The principal edges are:
- Zoomastigophora: They have one or more flagella. Some
Material Properties and Testing Techniques
1. Material Properties
Material properties depend on internal structure and determine behavior during manufacturing and applications. Modifying the internal structure, such as alloying metals or applying thermal treatments, can alter these properties. When choosing a material, consider its chemical, physical, mechanical, economic, and aesthetic properties. Scientists design materials with surprising properties by studying the physical and chemical properties of atoms, molecules, and compounds, using
Read MoreMicroeconomics: Markets, Competition, and Monopolies
Microeconomics Concepts
Demand and Supply
25. Demand Function
The demand function is a mathematical relationship that describes the amount of a good demanded as influenced by its price, consumer income, and the prices of other goods. It can be represented as: Qa = d(Pa, Pb, g)
26. The Law of Supply and Supply Function
The Law of Supply: This law expresses the direct relationship between price and quantity supplied. As the price increases, the quantity supplied also increases.
The Supply Function: This
Read MoreThe Rise of Industrial Cities and the Labor Movement in 19th Century Europe
1. The Growth of Industrial Cities
1.1. Urban Expansion
The great capitals of Europe experienced dramatic growth due to rural emigration driven by economic changes. Many new towns emerged directly from industrial activity, with workers housed near factories, creating industrial neighborhoods. Most urban centers expanded from established cities with traditional market functions, port activities, administrative roles, or communication hubs.
1.2. Social Inequality in Cities
The occupation of city centers
Read MoreExploring the History and Philosophy of Science
Science from Greco-Medieval to Contemporary
Aristotelian Universe
Finite, Ordered, and Geocentric: Aristotle’s model presented the universe as a large, living organism with an inherent order. His essentialist explanations of phenomena were based on the object itself. This model was geocentric and deterministic, with a strong emphasis on causality and conservation.
Classic, Mechanistic Model
Heliocentric, Infinite, and Quantitative: This model shifted towards a heliocentric view, emphasizing an infinite,
Read MoreThe Restoration in Spain (1874-1898)
Canovas del Castillo’s System
The Restoration, envisioned by Canovas del Castillo, aimed to create a stable political system based on the British model of bipartisanship. The 1876 Constitution defined a conservative and centralist framework, establishing Spain as a constitutional monarchy with shared sovereignty. Catholicism was the state religion, but freedom of religion was allowed. A bicameral system was implemented, with an elected Congress and a Senate appointed by the king.
Fundamentals of the
Read MorePre-Socratic Philosophers and the Origin of Thought
The Dawn of Philosophy
Philosophy emerged between the seventh and sixth centuries BC in the Greek colonies. Within the independent city-states (polis), free citizens cultivated free thought. Three elements unified them: religion (whose absence fostered rational thought), theatre, and the Olympic Games (traditions rooted in Homer’s Odyssey and Iliad, and Hesiod’s Works and Days and Theogony). This era allowed for both slavery and the pursuit of philosophy (“primum vivere, deinde philosophare” –
Read MoreAdministrative Law II: Public Services and Foundations
1. Public Services
Concept of Public Services
In a broad sense, all activities could be considered public, as argued by the French classical school. However, Gastin Jeze and Leon Duguit countered this, suggesting the sole or primary reason for the activity is the key distinction. Thus, legislative and judicial activities, as well as administrative tasks like policing, economic planning, and social order promotion, cannot be easily categorized.
In a stricter sense, public services involve legal activities
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