19th Century Spanish Politics: Key Terms & Concepts
A
Absolutism
Supporters of maintaining the absolute monarchy of the ancien régime. In the Cortes of Cadiz, absolutist members were a distinct political faction opposing the Liberals, who called them subservient.
Ancien Régime
The political and social system prevalent in Europe between the 15th and 18th centuries. Characterized by absolute monarchy, a society of estates, and feudal land ownership.
B
Bourgeois Revolution
The process that dismantled the ancien régime, leading to a society dominated by
Read MorePerception and Memory in Cognitive Psychology: How Our Minds Work
Psychology: Perception and Memory
1. How the Mind Works?
Thinkers throughout history have studied knowledge. In the 1960s, Cognitive Psychology emerged, focusing on the analysis of cognitive processes such as perception, memory, learning, and reasoning.
In the human mind, information gathered by the senses flows through a cognitive system with these components:
- Attention
- Perception
- Memory
Humans are conceived as information processors:
- First, stimuli are received.
- These stimuli are transformed into nerve
The Regency of Espartero (1840-1843): Rise, Policies, and Fall
The Regency of Espartero (1840-1843)
Causes of Espartero’s Rise
In the September 1837 elections, moderates won a majority and began to form the government. Regent Maria Cristina’s strong support for moderate policies provoked a confrontation between the progressives and the Crown. A widespread insurrection arose in many parts of the country, and Maria Cristina, rather than support a progressive government, resigned. Progressive factions then turned to General Espartero.
Espartero’s Measures and Regency
Espartero
Read MoreSpanish Industry (1855-1975): Evolution, Structure, and Policy
Spanish Industry (1855-1975)
1. Historical Evolution
a) The Start of Spanish Industrialization (1855-1900)
Spanish industrialization began with a delay. Several factors contributed to this, leading to discussions about the failure of the 1st Industrial Revolution in Spain:
- Poor endowment of basic raw materials and energy products.
- Limited entrepreneurial spirit.
- Scarce capital: individuals invested in land, and the state was indebted.
- Remarkable technological backwardness.
- Limited demand for industrial
Essential Elements of Legal Acts and Contracts
Elements of a Legal Act
The structure of a legal act, as defined in Article 1444, consists of three key elements:
Essential Elements
- General Requirements for Legal Existence: These are fundamental aspects that determine the validity of the act.
- Will
- Object
- Cause
- Solemn formalities (if required)
- Specific Requirements: These are unique characteristics of the act, such as the purchase price in a sales contract (Article 1793).
Natural Elements
These are elements that are inherent in the nature of the legal act
Read MoreCoastal Ecosystems: Characteristics, Resources, Impacts, and Hazards
Coastal Ecosystems
Coastal ecosystems share abiotic elements of both terrestrial and marine ecosystems, resulting in a complex and unique environment. Three key coastal ecosystems stand out:
Mangroves
Mangrove forests are characteristic of inter-tropical coastal areas influenced by tides and sheltered from the open ocean, such as estuaries, bays, and lagoons. They thrive in shallow waters with silt and clay sediments. Mangroves play a crucial role in coastal protection against wind and wave erosion,
Read MoreSpanish Restoration: Politics, Society, and Constitution of 1876
The Restoration in Spain (1874-1931)
Home of the Restoration
In 1874, Pavia dissolved the courts, and Cánovas del Castillo, the architect of the Restoration, prepared for Alfonso XII’s manifesto from Sandhurst (see Activity). Martínez Campos launched a coup (without Cánovas’ consent) in Sagunto, proclaiming Alfonso XII. Cánovas rallied behind Alfonso XII. The Third Carlist War ended in the north in 1876, and the Cuban War of Independence concluded in 1878 with the Peace of Zanjón. Cánovas then
Read MoreCatalan Autonomy & the Spanish Civil War: A Historical Overview
The Spanish Civil War: Situation of the Fronts (March 1939)
End of the Civil War
By March 1939, the end of the Spanish Civil War was imminent. Following the Battle of the Ebro, Nationalist forces had captured Catalonia, reducing the Republican zone to the east, from Valencia to Almería and Madrid. The Nationalists were attacking from all sides. Azaña had resigned as president, and a coup against Segismundo Casado had taken place. The war finally ended on April 1, 1939, with Franco’s victory.
Read MoreBuilding Regulations: Plot Occupation, Usage, and Height
BUILDING IN THE PLOT
TERMS OF POSITION AND OCCUPATION
Almost always, the freedom of building positioning on a plot is limited by planning regulations. These regulations are based on parameters such as planimetric and altimetric references, the building’s elevation, and its relationship to other buildings.
Planimetric References
- Boundaries: These define the plot’s limits.
- Alignment (Public): A line established by urban planning to separate land for highways or public spaces from private plots. It often
Spain’s Transition to Modern Nation: Agriculture, Industry, and Social Change
Spain’s Transition to a Modern Nation in the 19th Century
Introduction
Throughout the 19th century, Spain underwent a complex transition from an empire to a modern nation with a liberal system of property rights. This transition has been viewed negatively by historians, who often highlight Spain’s dual character as both a modernizing country and a nation stuck in a prolonged pre-industrial phase. During this period, Spain remained predominantly agricultural.
1. Agriculture and Land Reform
Spanish agriculture
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