Peloponnesian War: Thucydides vs Herodotus
Peloponnesian War by Thucydides
Thucydides wrote the history of the Peloponnesian War, a profound shock for the Greeks. Greece was inhabited by stable clusters of villages without a modern state, sharing only a common language. They lacked wealth and cultivated land, with insecure trade and communication. Each tribe worked its land for sustenance, not accumulating riches or planting extensively.
The Spartans claimed the war’s cause was the breaking of the Euboea covenant, but it was actually their
Read MoreGlobalization: Rise of Free Trade in 19th Century Europe
Item 12: Globalization – Theory and Concepts
The importance of long-distance trade grew enormously and rapidly in the 19th century, particularly between 1840 and 1873. Migration and investment abroad accelerated. Europe became the dynamic center. However, two types of obstacles hindered international trade:
- Natural Obstacles: High transportation costs.
- Artificial Barriers: Tariffs and bans on imports/exports.
Great Britain Opts for Free Trade
Practical considerations forced governments to reconsider
Read MoreNietzsche’s Philosophy: Critique of Tradition and Will to Power
Introduction
In the late 19th century, Friedrich Nietzsche emerged as a radical critic of established culture, focusing on the affirmation of life. His “philosophy of life” (vitalism) argues that life’s realities resist purely mechanical explanations. Life becomes the fundamental value, shaping all other priorities.
Nietzsche’s Genealogical Method
Nietzsche, a master of hermeneutics, used interpretation to uncover deception and illusions rather than determining truth or falsehood. His genealogical
Read MorePlato’s Two Worlds: Ideas and Senses
Ontology and Epistemology: Plato’s Two Worlds
In his view of reality, Plato distinguishes between two worlds: the intelligible world of Ideas, which is truly real and not perceived by the senses, and the sensible world, which consists of things perceived by the senses, ultimately copies of Ideas. Ideas are the authentic reality, characterized as eternal, immutable, rational, and ideal. They are the models from which the Demiurge constructs the sensible world. These two worlds have distinct characteristics:
Read MoreUnderstanding Diplomatic and Consular Relations
EMA 17. Diplomatic and Consular Bodies.
1. Diplomatic Missions. The Vienna Convention of April 18, 1961: Features, members, facilities, immunities, and privileges. Special diplomatic missions. (New York Convention of December 16, 1969).
A diplomatic mission is any official representation of a state outside its borders, ensuring interstate relations on a permanent basis, a peripheral organ accredited to another state.
Examples of diplomatic missions include the embassy, which is the highest category
Special Payments and Obligation Breaches in Law
Special Payment Methods
Allocation of Payments
When multiple obligations exist, the debtor can specify which debt the payment covers. However, interest must be covered before principal. If the debtor doesn’t specify, the law prioritizes interest payments.
Payment in Kind
Instead of the original benefit, the debtor and creditor can agree on a different form of payment.
Payment by Transfer of Property
The debtor can transfer property to creditors to settle debts.
Provision
The debtor deposits the due item
Read MoreMedieval Christian Kingdoms: Land Use & Social Structure
Christian Kingdoms in the Middle Ages: Land & Society
The introduction of the feudal system coincided with the restocking process. In the Asturian kingdom, a warrior nobility emerged, seizing the best lands, reinforced by the arrival of Mozarabs from the south.
The Douro Valley, sparsely populated due to border conflicts, saw Christian peasants colonizing the region, forming communities of free men. The Asturleonese kings sanctioned these occupations, asserting their authority.
In Castile, peasant
Read MoreWater Systems Engineering: Key Concepts and Applications
Water Systems Engineering: Key Concepts
Pressure and Flow in Pipes
Which of the three deposit outflows lead to less loss of pressure? A pipe transitions with a smooth curve to the vertical parameter of the deposit. From that distance, the delivery point is reached with a pressure drive expressed by H = 2LV / GT (at the beginning of the drive in the check valve pump).
What minimum diameter would you use for a distribution network to a city of 125,000 inhabitants connected to hydrants? 150mm
What critical
Read MoreEmployment Contract Essentials: Mobility, Suspension, Termination
Functional Mobility (FOL)
Types and Causes
- Within Professional Group: No specific reason required.
- Outside Professional Group/Non-Equivalent Categories: Requires technical or organizational justification. Lower category requires reasonable and unforeseen circumstances.
- Extraordinary Mobility: Must follow procedures for significant contract changes or mutual agreement.
Geographical Mobility
Airport Transfers
- Concept: Permanent transfer to another workplace.
- Cause: Economic, technical, organizational, or
Locke’s Political Philosophy: Natural Rights and the State
Locke
Locke uses similar concepts to Hobbes, but with different nuances. He posits a concession of natural rights, yet natural law remains essential in the state of nature, functioning as a moral law. Locke introduces the concept of a trust to describe the state, emphasizing the principle of consent as legitimizing it. Law originates from the political community formed with the state.
Locke views individuals as subjects of rights that are not surrendered upon entering the political community. He departs
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