Hume’s Moral Philosophy: Sentiment and Ethics
Ethics: Moral Emotivism
Hume’s ethics are primarily expounded in Book III of A Treatise of Human Nature, titled “Of Morals,” as well as in An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals and Essays Moral and Political.
Critique of Moral Rationalism
Hume begins by questioning the origin and basis of moral judgments. Traditionally, from Greek thought onwards, the distinction between morally right (good) and morally wrong (bad) was grounded in understanding and reason (rationalism). This argument posited
Read More19th Century Spain: Railways, Politics, and Conflicts
Spanish Railway Expansion (1855)
In 1855, Spain had 400 kilometers of railway network. That same year, the first law granting facilities and subsidies to large foreign capital was enacted, leading to significant investment in Spain’s railways. This spurred the growth of major railway companies, giving the final impetus to the Spanish railway system.
Liberal Union Party
The Liberal Union was a Spanish political alliance that emerged after the 1854 revolution. It united moderate and progressive liberals,
Read MoreKant vs Hume: Ethics and Moral Dilemmas
Kant vs Hume: Ethics
Critical to the ethics of Kant and Hume. The critical position transcends personal experience, drawing us into the realm of the hypothetical. We must strive to avoid the moral support of a “transcendent.”
Hume’s Perspective
I agree with Hume that there are reasons to discover whether an action is bad or good. Strictly speaking, there is no truth or ethical lapses. We have only a clear impression of inner feeling of approval or disapproval that certain behaviors cause us. Therefore,
Read MoreSpanish Civil War: Origins, Battles, and Franco’s Rise
Civil War
On July 17, 1936, a coup led by military conservatives began in the Spanish protectorate of Morocco. In the following days, it spread to the peninsula. This was the result of a conspiracy organized by the losers of the February elections, who sought to overthrow the legitimate Popular Front government. The coup’s partial success, failing in major cities due to resistance from those defending the Republic, led to a bloody civil war. This conflict resulted in General Franco’s dictatorship,
Read MoreNatural Law, Justice, and Legal Values: An Overview
Iusnaturalista Solution: Natural Law
Iusnaturalista solution welcomes those who defend a higher objective order that is permanent and universal. Humans can discover criteria to guide their behavior, which should also guide the law. We distinguish between natural law coinciding with legal objectivism and natural law as a higher law. For authentic law rules, they must align with natural law’s content. Natural law positions defend a dual legal system: natural law (ideal) and positive law (which should
Read MoreChristianity, Legitimacy, Spain, and Liberal State Concepts
Christian Concept of Soul and Body
The Christian concept is dualistic, encompassing both soul and body. Its core belief is that humans, created by God, possess reason, free will, and the capacity to believe. Human existence, though limited, depends on an eternal, omnipotent Creator. Created in God’s image, humans have a unique, irreplaceable, and incorruptible spiritual soul, with their ultimate destiny realized on resurrection day. True happiness and purpose, therefore, lie beyond death. Human freedom,
Read MoreSewage Vetting: Treatment Processes & Low-Cost Technologies
Artificial Vetting of Sewage: Treatment Systems
Pretreatment
Objective: Prepare water for treatment by removing coarse solids, gravel, sand, and grease.
Processes:
- Grinding
- Sand Removal
- Degreasing
Taper: Removal of large solids using filtration screens and grates.
Desanding: Eliminates gravel and other objects. Sedimented objects are scraped and washed.
Degreasing: Removes fats and oils by reducing flow velocity, allowing them to surface.
Primary Treatment
Aims to reduce suspended solids in wastewater.
Processes:
Read MoreUnderstanding Production: Economic Perspectives & Business Operations
Economic Perspectives on Production
Production is the process of combining resources to create goods and services that meet societal demands, aiming for profit. There are three main perspectives:
- Economic: Focuses on meeting needs through the use of production factors.
- Functional-Utilitarian: Views production as adding value and utility.
- Technical: Emphasizes the combination of resources and technology to create products.
Efficiency in Production
Efficiency involves using the least amount of resources
Read MoreFrancoist Spain: Ideology, Politics, and International Relations
Francoist State Building Fundamentals
Franco ideologically concentrated all power from the outset. Key ideological components included:
- Anti-communism: The victors of the war labeled all opposition as “red communists,” ranging from the far left to bourgeois democrats. This intensified during the Cold War.
- Anti-parliamentarism: Parliamentarianism was deemed detrimental and associated with Marxism. After WWII, it was replaced with an “organic democracy” system.
- National Catholicism: The Church dominated
Human Cell Organelles, Digestion, Respiration & Nervous System
Human Cell Organelles
Organelle from a human cell:
Mitochondria: Oval-shaped with a double membrane, providing energy.
Vacuoles: Membranous vesicles containing water, waste, and reserves.
Lysosomes: Transform complex substances into simpler ones.
Cytoskeleton: Filaments forming a network for cell structure and movement.
Centrioles: Hollow cylinders directing cytoskeleton movement.
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Sacs and canals for substance manufacturing.
- Smooth: No ribosomes.
- Rough: Ribosomes attached for protein