Era of Imperialism: Causes, Consequences, and Global Impact
Imperialism (1875-1914)
A historical phenomenon of territorial expansion by Western European powers, Russia, the United States, and Japan, dominating Africa and Asia. Imperialism coincided with the Second Industrial Revolution, driven by economic interests.
Economic Causes
- Need for raw materials and energy sources for industries.
- Export markets for industrial production.
- Territorial conquest disregarding native populations.
Other Factors of Imperialism
- Political: Land acquisition for national prestige
Aristotle’s Philosophy: Act, Potency, Physics, and Cosmology
Filo 2.2 & 4. Potency and Act
The distinction between potency and act addresses the physical explanation of movement. While Parmenides saw reality as static and Heraclitus viewed it as constant evolution, Plato proposed two worlds: the Sensible (changeable) and the Intelligible (immutable ideas). Aristotle, however, introduced Being (act) and a form of non-being: potency. He believed this explained change in substance, with two aspects: “what is” (act, e.g., a tree) and “what it can become” (
Read MoreChilean Climate Zones: From Arid Deserts to Polar Regions
Arid North
1. Coastal Desert Climate
This climate is located on the coastal strip between Arica (Region I) and Quintero (Region IV). It’s influenced by the Pacific anticyclone, inhibiting rainfall, with prevailing winds from the south and southeast. Rainfall is insignificant, averaging 1 mm in Arica, 2 mm in Iquique, 8 mm in Antofagasta, and 27 mm in Caldera.
The temperature is moderate and homogeneous. Iquique’s average is 17.9°C, with extremes of 20.9°C in January and 15.4°C in July and August.
Read MoreEuropean History: 18th-20th Century Transformations
4.2 The Enlightened Despotism
Most European monarchs continued to exercise absolute power. The enlightened despots and their ministers promoted reforms to benefit the people while retaining decision-making power. Their reformist policies included rationalizing state administration, reforming education, modernizing agriculture, and partially liberalizing production and trade.
1 – The Outbreak of the French Revolution
1.3 The End of the Old Regime
The people of Paris supported the Third Estate’s representatives.
Spain Under Franco: Economic Development, Social Change, and Political Crisis (1959-1975)
ITEM 15: The Franco Era: Development and Immobility (1959-1975)
Economic Development
1.1 The Governments of Developmentalism
The governments formed by Franco in 1957 and those of the 1960s marked a sharp turn in direction, transitioning from a first stage dominated by Falangism to a second with the predominance of technocrats. Young economists viewed economic growth as the main guarantee of social stability. A new economic direction was developed with the 1959 Stabilization Plan. Goals included ending
Read MoreUnderstanding Tax Obligations and Administration Procedures
Tax Obligations and Administration
Termination of Tax Liability
Tax liability can be terminated in several ways:
- Payment
- Prescription
- Compensation
- Remission
- Insolvency
Payment
Payment is the most common way to extinguish tax liability. It involves delivering the full amount owed to the Treasury, authorized offices, or entities. Payment must meet the following conditions:
- Identity: The payment must correspond to the specific tax owed.
- Integrity: The debt is considered paid only when fully satisfied.
- Indivisibility:
Colloids: Properties, Types, and Applications in Industry
Colloids: Systems with Dispersed Particles (1-100 nm)
Colloids represent an intermediate state between solutions and suspensions. They consist of a dispersed phase (like micelles) within a dispersant medium. Key characteristics include particle size, coating type, interface properties, settling behavior, and separation methods.
Comparison of Dispersions
- Solutions (<1 nm): Homogeneous, no settling, not separable by filtration.
- Colloids (1-100 nm): Heterogeneous, high surface area, no settling, not
Impact of Globalization and Technology on Economic Structures
The Advancement of Technology and Globalization Connected
The application of new communication technologies (computing and telematics) has made economic globalization possible, as contacts and exchanges between different sites of the same company or between different companies can be established in a snapshot and simultaneously. Globally, economic globalization has brought:
The Relocation and Industrial Collapse. Industries can locate anywhere in the world where there are more advantages. Besides,
Industrial Revolution: Origins, Development, and Global Impact
The Industrial Revolution
Joint economic and social changes reflecting the shift from agrarian to industrial societies, and from craft to finance. It brought technical changes, increased wealth production, and population growth. The social, political, and colonial effects were profound. The term ‘Industrial Revolution,’ coined in 1880, initially referred to a sudden change in pre-industrial economic structures. Today, we call this process industrialization.
1. The Industrial Scale
Agricultural societies
Read MoreNeoclassical Theory: Consumer Behavior, Production, Equilibrium, and Uncertainty
The economic problem of neoclassical theory is how it achieves the efficient allocation of resources. Equilibrium prices indicate the relative scarcity of goods and services.
The problem of the theory of consumer behavior and preferences is how to determine a way to choose among alternatives to achieve the greatest possible satisfaction.
Axioms:
Axiom of completeness: The set of consumer preferences should be complete; two food baskets can always be compared.
Axiom of reflexivity: A consumer