The European Union Political System
Chapter 12: The Political System of the European Union
Scheme
1. Formation of the European Union
2. Political and Institutional Organization
- The European Commission
- The European Council
- The Council of Ministers
- The European Parliament
- The Court of Justice
1. Formation of the European Union
The European integration process emerged from post-World War II reconstruction efforts. A political climate prioritizing democracy, peace, and societal rebuilding influenced this process. The Cold War’s global hegemony,
Read MoreSpanish Constitution and Law Sources
Item 19: The Constitution as the Source of Law
Secondary Rules
1. Regulatory Powers
The Spanish Constitution grants the government regulatory power, defined as the executive’s ability to issue general rules below the rank of law. This authority is inherent in the executive function. A key question is whether the government can exercise this power where the law doesn’t act. This issue has two aspects:
- In some countries, the Constitution reserves certain matters for law, while others are covered by regulations.
Spain’s 1868 Revolution: A Democratic Turning Point
The 1868 Revolution: A Democratic Turning Point in Spain
5.1. Causes of the Revolution
The economic and political crises converged after 1860, destabilizing Spain under Isabel II. Unprofitable railway investments triggered a financial crisis, impacting the stock market and public debt. A coinciding industrial downturn, exacerbated by the American Civil War’s impact on cotton prices, further strained the economy. Poor harvests from 1866-1868 led to a food crisis, escalating wheat prices and widespread
Read MoreKey English Grammar Rules
English Verb Tenses
Present Simple
I play tennis. She does not play tennis. Does he play tennis? The train leaves every morning at 8 AM. The train does not leave at 9 AM. When does the train usually leave? She always forgets her purse. He never forgets his wallet. Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun. Does the Sun circle the Earth?
Present Continuous
You are learning English now. You are not swimming now. Are you sleeping? I am sitting. I am not standing. Is he sitting or standing? They are
Read MoreSpain’s Socioeconomic Transformation in the 1960s
Change of Mentality in the Second Franco Era
This analysis examines a passage by W.L. Bernecker in the book “Spain in Exchange,” published in Madrid in 2009. The text discusses the second stage of Franco’s rule (1959-1975), focusing on the shift in Spanish mentality during the 1960s, particularly regarding migration and education.
Economic Development and the Baby Boom
The 1960s in Spain witnessed a significant baby boom, coinciding with economic development. This growth was supported by government
Read MoreSpain’s Political Turmoil: From Regency to Moderate Rule (1833-1854)
The Carlist Wars and the Regency of Maria Cristina (1833-1841)
Regency of Maria Cristina
Upon the death of Ferdinand VII in 1833, Maria Cristina de Borbón assumed the regency for her daughter, Isabel II. The Liberals, the sole force capable of securing the throne, formed a government under Maria Cristina. Martinez de la Rosa, a moderate liberal, initiated a series of reforms, including the Royal Charter of 1834.
The Royal Charter of 1834
This charter established a bicameral Cortes, comprised of the
Read MoreHuman Biology: Digestion, Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion
Digestive Function
Ingestion: Intake of food into the digestive tract through the mouth. Food is crushed by the teeth, mixed with saliva, and begins digestion.
Digestion: Processing of food into nutrients that can be utilized by cells. This occurs through two types of actions:
- Mechanical: Physically breaking down food through cutting, grinding, and churning. This occurs in the mouth and stomach.
- Chemical: Transforming food into simpler compounds using substances that cause chemical changes. This starts
International Arbitration: Resolving Disputes Between States
International Arbitration
Hague Convention of 1907
According to Article 37 of the Hague Convention of 1907, international arbitration settles disputes between states through judges they elect, based on respect for law. The arbitration agreement includes a commitment to submit in good faith to the arbitral ruling. Generally, states determine the substantive and procedural rules applied in arbitration through their consent.
The state designates the body or persons acting as referees, the extent of their
Read MoreThe Science of Interpersonal Attraction: Why We Choose Our Friends
The Science Behind Friendship
Why We Choose Our Friends
Why do we form friendships? Why are we drawn to certain individuals while others remain strangers? This exploration delves into the common saying “birds of a feather flock together,” examining the factors that underpin our social connections. We’ll explore existing research on relationship initiation, focusing on attraction, similarity, and complementarity.
The Role of Attraction
Attraction is fundamental to socializing. Key factors influencing
Read MoreEarth’s Dynamic Equilibrium: Natural Hazards and Resource Management
Earth’s Dynamic Equilibrium
Heating and Density
The sun heats the Earth’s surface, warming the surrounding air. The core heats the planet’s interior. This uneven heating creates density differences, causing less dense materials to rise.
Water Cycle
The water cycle, powered by solar energy, distributes heat throughout the world’s oceans. This oceanic current cycle is sometimes called the “oceanic conveyor belt.”
Mantle Movements and Volcanoes
Mantle movements cause the ascent of deep materials, fueling
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