Understanding Kant’s Philosophy: Knowledge and Ethics
(1724-1804) lived all his life in Königsberg (in former Prussia). He was a professor at the University of his city, and his thinking was influenced by rationalism and empiricism, making him the most important philosopher of the eighteenth century. In favor of liberal ideals of the Enlightenment, he defended the American Revolution and the French Revolution. He was peaceful and free from all forms of nationalism. His constitution was weak and very methodical, with the accuracy of his schedule allowing
Read MoreUnderstanding Plato’s Philosophy: Ideas, Knowledge, and Ethics
ITEM 2: Plato
1. The Constitution of the Universe
The great Presocratic cosmological system was mechanistic atomism. Plato and Aristotle rejected it because it entailed two implications:
- a) Knowledge of nature was impossible.
- b) The cosmos, the order cannot come from disorder.
The explanation of Plato radically rejects this last point: the order cannot be the haphazard result of disorder. It can only come from an ordering intelligence, which Plato called the Demiurge. The Demiurge acts on the eternal,
Key Historical Developments in the Iberian Peninsula
Homo Preceded Hominid Homo ergaster through evolution. This is the first hominid find on the European continent and in Spain.
Atapuerca: City of Burgos where we found the remains of early hominids, Homo predecessors, on the peninsula and in Europe. The jaw was found to be 1,200,000 years old and seems to have been the victim of cannibalism.
Neolithic Revolution: A period that begins in the sixth century with the advent of agriculture, livestock, exchange or barter, ceramics, textiles, and private
Understanding Idealism, Materialism, and Existentialism
Idealism Idealism as a doctrine is opposed to realism, considered as the determining consciousness and nature as non-essentials, as what he faces. They have conducted many classifications, but idealism can be divided into two groups: Objective Idealism, which considers the foundation of reality as spirit (personal/impersonal), a group that may include Eastern philosophies, Plato, Neoplatonism, and is strongly influenced by the mysticism of St. Augustine, the philosophy of the Middle Ages (subject
Read MoreUnderstanding the Morality of Slaves and Masters
Moral of Slaves and Masters
- Moral of Slaves: Christian morality is the result of the rebellion of the slave class. Its measurements “weaken life” and are based on resentment and revenge, extolling the virtues of the weak, which is a synonym for submission. Its features are: passive, not creative, love of neighbor, brotherhood, and tranquility; egalitarianism considers the conscious life of power as “bad”.
- Moral of Lords: This moral exalts life, power, pride, and self-assertion. The good is seen as
Understanding Pure Substances and Thermodynamics Principles
Pure Substances
Heat Transfer Equations
Q1 = m * Cn * ΔT
m: mass of water
Cn: specific heat of ice
Q2 = m * Lf: heat of fusion (latent) for ice
Q3 = m * C * ΔTC: Heat sensible
C: 1 Kcal/Kg
Q4 = m * Lv: heat of vaporization (latent) for H2O
Lv: 540 Kcal/Kg
Lv: 970 BTU / LBM
Q5 = m * Cv * ΔT
Cv: 0.45 Kcal / Kg
Example Calculation
200 g of ice at -10 ºC to calculate the amount needed to transform 200 g of steam at 120 ºC. The external pressure is 760 mmHg. The specific heat of ice is 0.5 cal / g ºC and
Read MoreUnderstanding Health Monitoring in Occupational Medicine
The health monitoring is one of the tools used by occupational medicine to control and monitor the impact of working conditions on the health of the working population. It consists of the systematic and continuous collection of data about a specific health problem, its analysis, interpretation, and use in planning, implementation, and evaluation of health programs. In the field of occupational health, this is monitored by continuous observation of the distribution and trends of the phenomena of
Read MoreUnderstanding Marx’s Critique of Political Economy
B) Marx’s text is a brief introduction, The Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859).
The title allows us to introduce the meaning of the work at hand. This work is presented as a contribution. Marx knows that this is not an exhaustive analysis or conclusion of political economy.
The work is a criticism: it aims to critically analyze capitalist society and the discipline that has explained and justified this mode of production: political economy.
In this particular
Understanding Ortega’s Philosophical Stages and Perspectives
Stage of His Thought An Objectivist (1902-1910): This is the stage of formation, which included his stay in Germany. Ortega published articles only. Concerned about the gap between Spain and Europe, which may only be overcome if one eliminates subjectivism and dominant personality. This method requires critique, rationality, and objectivity. He maintains that one must treat men as things, leading to anti-humanism and objectivism, which he later recanted.
2 Perspectives (1910-1923): In 1913, two very
Read MoreUnderstanding Earth’s Layers and Their Dynamics
5. Earthquakes That Provide Information
The speed of propagation of seismic waves in the deep Earth undergoes gradual changes, sometimes abrupt changes; these sudden changes are called discontinuities.
The speed at which seismic waves travel depends on two factors: the composition of materials and the physical state of these materials.
Discontinuities are used to divide the deep Earth into layers.
Main Breaks and Their Interpretation
- Moho, or Mohorovičić Discontinuity: It was the first significant