Understanding State Power and Constitutional Law
Stratified Political Organization and Power
Stratified political organization is dualistic, with two types of power: the King and the States General. Medieval nobility consisted of the clergy and the feudal state.
Concept Statement
Institutional political power organization of a national community.
State Composition
- Formal Elements: Law and political power. The law, as part of the state, is the normal mode that expresses political power.
- Budget Materials: People and territory. As an element of the state,
Mahatma Gandhi’s Vision: स्वराज (Swaraj) and Indian Nationalism
Critique of Modern Civilization
Gandhi’s Hind Swaraj is primarily known for its trenchant critique of modern civilization. In Hind Swaraj, he also dwells on the condition of India as it developed under British rule and tutelage. He makes a basic formulation that under the impact of British rule, India is turning into an ‘irreligious’ country. He hastens to add that he is not thinking of any particular religion, but rather of that religion which underlies all religions. “We are turning away from God,
Read MoreSpain’s Economic Transformation: 1950s-1970s
In the 1950s, Spain was running out of isolation, and the first signs of economic recovery appeared. In 1957, after a student crisis, Franco remodeled the government, bringing in ministers closer to the more radical Movement and appointing the so-called technocrats. These technocrats prioritized efficiency and economic measures in line with Western capitalism over political ideology. Several laws were introduced to organize the state, but without abandoning its character as a personal dictatorship.
Read MoreSwaraj: Self-Rule and Its Significance in India
Swaraj: A Fundamental Philosophy in India
Swaraj is one of the most fundamental philosophies of Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. For Gandhi, Swaraj is a state of being of individuals and the nation. Swaraj, a Sanskrit word comprising swa and raj, means “Self-Rule.” Swaraj is a Vedic term. It frequently appears in ancient shastras and other literature. It indicates the highest spiritual state of mind. Swarajya means “Independent Domain” or “Sovereignty.” Ancient Indian political thought laid
Read MoreState and Economy Post-1945: A New Economic Order
The Mixed Economy and the State Since 1945
Since 1945, demand-side changes have led to economic growth. The composition of domestic spending remained relatively stable, with consumption and private investment growing evenly, as expected in a consumer-based economy with mass production. Exports and imports also increased, but the most significant change was the absolute and relative increase in public expenditure, linked to the development of the mixed economy, the welfare state, and democracy itself,
Read MoreSpanish Narrative Trends Post-Civil War to Late 20th Century
Spanish Narrative After the Civil War
After the Civil War, the Spanish narrative, as in lyric and drama, breaks with past trends. What is needed now is a new realism that aims to provide the reader with a witness of contemporary life.
The 1940s: The Existential Novel
The existential novel highlights at this time, centering on two themes: the uncertainty of human existence and the difficulty of communication between humans. The most representative writers of this period are Camilo José Cela and Miguel
Read MoreKing Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table: A Summary
Le Morte d’Arthur: A Summary
The Rise of King Arthur
Le Morte d’Arthur tells the story of King Arthur and his Knights at the Round Table. Arthur, the son of King Uther Pendragon, was raised by another family. He takes his rightful place as king when, as a boy, he is able to pull the sword called Excalibur from the stone. Although he rules wisely and is counseled by Merlin the magician, Arthur makes enemies of other kings and is often at war.
The Round Table and Chivalry
When Arthur marries Guinevere,
Read MoreThe Bourbon Restoration in Spain: 1874-1902
Introduction
The Restoration of the Bourbon dynasty to the throne of Spain marked the end of the First Republic. Shaken by the Third Carlist War, the Cuban insurrection of 1868, and the Cantonalist revolt, the First Republic was incapable of organizing a stable political project. The driver of the new regime was Antonio Cánovas del Castillo. He organized a liberal monarchical system, although not democratic, whose foundations were established and consolidated during the reign of Alfonso XII (1875-
Read MoreUnderstanding Scientific Methods and Research Types
What is Knowledge?
Knowledge is the act or effect of having an abstract idea or notion of something. Examples include knowledge of law, facts (sensory, intellectual, popular, scientific, philosophical, intuitive).
What is Science?
Science (goal + function + objects: material + formal) is the clear and evident knowledge of something, whether founded on clear principles and demonstrations, experimental reasoning, or the analysis of societies and human facts.
What is Scientific Research?
Scientific research
Read MoreAncient Greece: From Mycenae to the Hellenistic Kingdoms
Minoan Civilization
Chalk: The cultural legacy of chalk was technology, shipping, ornate palaces, and writing on tablets until they were defeated.
Social and Political Organization
The first form of government was a confederation of small city-states. Each had a sovereign, with the city of Knossos aiming to unify the territory, with the rest becoming just the capital of the kingdom. From that moment, the political regime was formed by a king and officials. The seat of government was the Cretan palace,
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