Legal and Tax Systems: Principles and Functions
Legal Definition and Norms
Right definition: A set of rules of law regulating the life of man in society.
Legal norm: It is a prescription by which an authority, empowered to regulate, intends to maintain coexistence among men. It is backed by the sanction of the established exercise of force.
Tax Law: Resolves constitutional issues that are difficult to change.
Characteristics of Legal Norms
- Bilateral: In front of a rule-obligated party, there is another power to demand compliance.
- Heteronomous: The
Communication, Modernity, and Society: Key Concepts
Communication and Modernity
Communication and modernity: Technical advancements have liberated individuals from the constraints of time and space, enabling constant communication and amplification. This progress, a hallmark of modernity, fosters freedom, individuality, the right to expression, and an interest in life skills. Beginning in the seventeenth century, the gradual opening of borders—both mental and cultural—facilitated trade, exchange of goods, services, and arts, linking communication
Read MoreThe Labor Movement in 19th-Century Spain: Origins and Evolution
The Labor Movement in 19th-Century Spain
Throughout the nineteenth century, the labor movement developed in Spain. Its appearance was favored by the labor and economic conditions of workers. The first claims focused on the right of association and the maintenance of salary.
Early Workers’ Struggles
One of the most important social changes of the 19th century was the emergence of the industrial working class. The causes of their appearance were the tough work situations to which they were subjected:
Read MoreGeomorphology: Landforms, Processes, and Earth’s Evolution
What is Geomorphology?
Geomorphology is the study of landforms, the processes that create and alter them, and the landscape evolution of the Earth. It examines how physical, chemical, and biological processes shape the Earth’s surface, resulting in various materials and landforms. These landforms and materials serve as a record of Earth’s surface history.
Geomorphology is a broad, interdisciplinary field encompassing geography, geology, and earth and environmental sciences. It includes many subdisciplines,
Read MoreLabor Movement Origins: From Luddites to the First International
Origins of the Labor Movement
Luddites and Trade Unions: The initial labor movement manifested as violent opposition to machines, known as Luddism. This movement, named after Ned Ludd, who destroyed a loom in 1779, was present in early industrialization across countries. Unions emerged as resistance against capital. In 1834, the Great Trade Union was formed, uniting around 500,000 members. The British trade union movement was characterized by in-office associations, sometimes leading to rivalries,
Read MoreSocrates and Plato: Philosophy in Ancient Greece
Socrates and Plato
1. Historical Context
1.1. Triumph of the Democratic City-State
- Civil strife and revolution: democratic constitution of Cleisthenes, as amended by the revolution of Ephialtes: political participation of all citizens in city government.
- Three political parties: reactionary, Knights of Truth and Order, moderated by Socrates and Plato; and radical democratic workers. Government party of the proletariat led by Pericles.
- After the medical war (victory of the Greeks led by Athens over the
Structuralism in Social Anthropology: Key Concepts
The Main Theories and Schools
Structuralism
C. Levi-Strauss was undoubtedly the great representative of structuralism in social anthropology in the sixties. His interest in language stemmed from the conviction that it held a top position in all the social sciences. This field had made the most progress, claiming the name of science and achieving a positive method to understand the facts of nature. [C. Levi-Strauss, 1985:37]. This method has mainly been applied in France to the structures of kinship,
Read MoreMexican Foreign Trade Act: Regulations and Practices
Title I: General Provisions
Chapter One
Article 1. This Act is to regulate and promote foreign trade, increase the competitiveness of the national economy, promote the efficient use of productive resources of the country, properly integrate the Mexican economy into the international economy, defend the production plant from unfair international trade practices, and contribute to raising the welfare of the population.
Article 2. The provisions of this Act are mandatory and applicable throughout the
Read MoreSpanish Agriculture and Land Use: Production, Landscapes, and Challenges
Spanish Agriculture and Land Use
Cultivation of cereal and the vine
b) Changes in agricultural production: accounts for 57.1% of final agricultural production and has experienced changes in its various components:
a. Cereals occupy 37% of cultivated land. That destined for human consumption (wheat and rice) are losing ground to use as feed for livestock or compound feed manufacture (barley, corn, oats, and rye). The area is dryland cropping of the peninsular.
B. Legumes: Intended for use in green or
Read MoreThe 1868 Revolution in Spain: Causes, Events, and Aftermath
Causes of the Revolution
In 1866, during the reign of Isabel II, a major economic crisis occurred, manifesting at financial, industrial, and subsistence levels.
The financial crisis was triggered by a stock market crash caused by the railway sector. Spain’s limited industrial capacity meant that the demand for both freight and passenger transport was not as high as expected.
The industrial crisis primarily affected Catalonia, following the American Civil War. The region had stocked up on U.S. imports,
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