Understanding Constitutional Sources: Law, Custom, and Pacts
Constitutional Sources
Primary Sources
Primary sources do not presuppose the existence or operation of other prior sources. Examples include genuine constituent power, assumed habit when the law is against it, and the social contract.
Secondary Sources
Secondary sources presuppose the existence or operation of other sources. An example is the case law of constitutional reform.
The Role of Custom
Customary, repeating actions and behaviors can effect changes in constitutions. For this to happen, constitutions
Read MoreGlobalization: Impact, Culture, and Market Entry
Chapter 3: Globalization
Defining Globalization
- Globalization: The flow of goods and services, money, and knowledge across countries.
- Friedman: “The integration of markets, nation-states, and technologies to a degree never witnessed before – in a way that is enabling individuals, corporations, and nation-states to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before.”
- Yergin & Stanislaw: “A process marked by accelerating integration of national economies through the growing
Understanding Public Service: Roles, Subrogation, and Ethics
Instructions and Orders of Service
The instruction or order of service is determined by the authority of a service, through which orders are given to staff. The utility commission is characterized by the following:
- It should be made by an administrative act.
- It is to perform certain activities.
- It is limited in time.
- It cannot mean an official expense.
- It can mean the transfer of staff.
Subrogation
Subrogation is the automatic replacement mechanism established by law, so that an official is always in charge,
Read MoreLegislative Process: Understanding the Legislator’s Role
**Unit 17: Legislative Process for the Right**
**Legislator’s Role in Law Creation**
On the role of the legislature in drafting the law, there are two well-defined schools:
**Natural Law School:** This school maintains that the law is the product of reason, a mere result of human thought. It is the product of reflection, where man discovers a set of ideal rules of conduct, immutable, universal, and perfect as natural law. This school sees natural law as superior to the will of the legislature and believes
Read MoreFoundations and Schools of Thought in Psychology
General Psychology
General psychology studies mental processes and conduct in the normal individual. Key historical perspectives include:
- Rationalism (Mentalism): Descartes proposed a duality of mind and body (res cogitans and res extensa) and introduced the concept of reflex. Leibniz posited that monads, through pre-established harmony, reflect individual behavior. He also differentiated between conscious, unconscious, and perception.
- Empiricism (Behaviorism): Emphasized the role of senses over innate
Key Events in US History: 1784-1893
State of Franklin (John Sevier) 1784-1790
Shays’ Rebellion 1786-1787
Federalists:
Favored ratification of the Constitution, a strong central government, and a weaker state government.
North Carolina Ratification Convention (1/2) 1788/1789
Federalist/Democratic:
- Alexander Hamilton 1788 – Federalist Papers
Republican:
- Thomas Jefferson 1790 – American political party
Dismal Swamp Canal
1859 – Important route of commerce
Whiskey Rebellion
1791 – Tax protest in the US
Treaty of Greenville/Fallen Timber
1814 – Friendship
Read MoreNatural Law and the School of Exegesis: A Legal Analysis
Jusnaturalism
A) Positive Law and Justice
Natural law is the oldest current of legal thought. It supports the existence of another normative order in nature, composed of abstract principles aimed at protecting human dignity and the essential values related to it (life, liberty, etc.).
B) The Jusnaturalistic Design
Natural law is a current that brings together various legal theories that have in common the identification of a juridical order that is natural, superior, and anterior to positive law. Natural
Read MoreCattle Breeds and Farm Management Practices
British Breeds
Belted Galloway
The Belted Galloway is recognized for its unique white belt encircling a black, dun, or red coat. These cattle are adept at transforming rugged landscapes into lean meat and require minimal shelter thanks to their thick double coat. Belted Galloways boast a lengthy lifespan, produce milk high in butterfat, and are excellent for crossbreeding with breeds such as Whitebred Shorthorns and Continental sires.
Polled Hereford
Polled Herefords evolved from the horned Hereford
Social Ethics: Morals, Principles, and Catholic Teachings
Social Ethics Midterm
Morals and Ethics
- Morals: Our fundamental standards; rules that govern our behavior.
- Ethics: How we apply standards.
Two Forms of Revelation
- Old Testament: Ten Commandments
- First three concern the relationship with God.
- Second seven concern relationships with each other.
- New Testament: Jesus’ moral teachings.
Catholic Social Teachings
- Life and dignity of a human person
- Call to family, community, and participation
- Rights and responsibilities
- Option for the poor and vulnerable
- The dignity
Venezuela’s 1830 Constitution: A Historical Analysis
The Constituent Congress of 1830
Venezuela needed a legal foundation, a legal entity that the head of state could not provide. General Paez was perfectly aware of this and, therefore, proceeded to issue the decree of convocation for election day, January 13, 1830.
Importance of the Constituent Congress
The importance of the Congress in Valencia in 1830 lies in the fact that it established, during its sessions, the basis for the existence of the Republic of Venezuela.
Centralism
It is a political practice
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