Key Philosophical and Sociological Terms Defined
Key Philosophical and Sociological Terms
Moral
It derives from Latin (Mos moris) and refers to Customs.
Ethics
It comes from the Greek (Ethos) and refers to the mode of being.
Politics
Comes from Greek (Polis), which was the organizational form of the Greek city-states.
Arche
The establishing principle of all that exists.
Logos
Order regulating the discourse of nature. It also refers to man’s rational capacity to understand that order and reason.
Demiurge
The computer, not a creator.
Doxa
Greek word translated
Read MoreHuman Impact on Earth: Pollution, Scarcity, Deforestation, and Biodiversity Loss
Human Impact on the Planet
Four main factors of human impact: population, technology, energy, and consumption. Main threats include air and water pollution, excessive water use, deforestation, endangered species, erosion, and desertification.
Sustainable development: a balance between economic growth and conservation, including protecting spaces, prevention of damage, and recovery of degraded spaces.
Reduction of consumption levels is crucial.
International environmental policies are essential, though
Read MoreLanguage Aptitude and Motivation in Second Language Acquisition
Language Aptitude
Language aptitude is a concept related to human ability or intelligence. It is connected to learning success when it comes to learning a second language (L2). It is a talent for learning an L2 and varies from individual to individual. It covers cognitively-based learner differences.
Intelligence is an ability transferable to many sorts of performance, not only language. Spearman proposed a combination of a general factor (g) and several specific factors that vary from one to another.
Read MoreRelevance in Cognition: Interest and Mental Effort
Defining Relevance
A. Interest (Cognitive Effects)
The criterion for evaluating possible interpretations that Sperber and Wilson propose in Relevance develops from a basic assumption about human cognition. The assumption is that human cognition is relevance-oriented: our whole cognitive system is geared to picking out information that is potentially relevant to us.
Information can be relevant without being communicated at all. Sperber & Wilson want to define a notion of relevance that applies not
Read MoreAncient Rome: History, Society, and Legacy
**Location**
The heart of Ancient Rome was located in the center of the Mediterranean, specifically on the Italian peninsula. The Apennine mountain chain forms the backbone of this peninsula, dividing it into western and eastern sides, nestled between the Tiber and Po rivers.
**Origin**
Rome’s origins can be traced to an influx of people seeking better living conditions. Three main groups populated the area during Rome’s formative years: the Italians in the north, the Etruscans in the center, and the
Read MoreAugustus of Prima Porta: Roman Emperor Sculpture
Augustus of Prima Porta: A Masterpiece of Roman Sculpture
Augustus of Prima Porta is a sculpture of the Roman Emperor Octavian Augustus Caesar, created by an unknown author. Caesar Octavian Augustus was appointed Emperor of Rome in 27 BC after defeating Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium and subsequently conquering Egypt. He was the nephew of Julius Caesar, who had adopted him as a child. Augustus was a very important general and held many titles that represented his power. During
Read MoreTermination of Administrative Responsibility in Public Service
Termination of Administrative Responsibility
The extinction of administrative responsibility may be caused by:
- Death: If the penalty was a fine and is pending, it has no effect.
- Cessation of functions: In this case, even if the official involved ceases to belong to the institution’s records, the process must take its course to completion. If punishment is warranted, the Comptroller General of the Republic (CGR) should be informed.
- Failure of functions.
- Prescription of disciplinary action: Liability is
International Trade Models and Their Implications
Theories that will be considered are:
- The Heckscher-Ohlin model of trade
- An economy of scale model of trade
- A product differentiation model of trade
- A transportation cost model of trade
- An environmental standards model of trade
The Heckscher-Ohlin Theory
The Heckscher-Ohlin theory is based on two subsidiary theorems:
- The H-O nation will export the commodity whose production requires the intensive use of the nation’s relatively abundant, and therefore cheap, factor and import the commodity whose production
Harmful Effects of Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sports
Doping: Health Risks for Athletes
Anabolic Steroids
Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone, such as Oxymetholone, Nandrolone, Methandrostenolone, Testosterone Cypionate, and Stanozolol. These hormones are responsible for sexual characteristics and muscle development. Using these substances without medical supervision poses serious health risks because:
- They are not selective and can affect other organs.
- Stopping them can cause a rebound effect due to a lack
Organizational Power Dynamics: Tactics and Collaboration
Political Activity in Organizations
Political Activity: When uncertainty is high and disagreement arises, three domains of political activity in most organizations are structural change, management succession, and resource allocation.
Tactics for Increasing the Power Base
(Allocation of power is not random)
- Enter areas of high uncertainty (If you can identify and remove them, your power base increases).
- Create dependencies (When the organization depends on a department for information, materials, knowledge,