Parenteral Drug Production: Formulation and Manufacturing Process
Parenteral Drug Formulation Components
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs)
- Parenteral Agents
Vehicles and Solvents
- Aqueous Vehicles: Purified Water for Injection
- Non-Aqueous Vehicles: Ethanol, Polyethylene Glycols (PEG 200, 400, 600), Glycofurol
- Soluble Oils: Vegetable Oils, Esters
Excipients and Pharmaceutical Aids
Solubilizing Agents
- Cosolvents
- Surfactants
- Acids
- Bases
- Amino Acids
pH Regulators
- Acids
- Regulating Bases
- Buffer Mixtures
Isotonicity Agents
- Inorganic (e.g., Sodium Chloride)
- Organic Compounds
Preservatives
- Alcohols
- Phenols
- Esters
- Quaternary
Advertising Terminology: Key Concepts & Definitions
Advertising Terminology
- Advertisements (Ads)
- A paid notice or announcement, such as of goods for sale, published in newspapers or magazines, or broadcast on radio or television.
- Advertisement Revenue
- Provides a significant portion of the funding for most privately owned television networks.
- Ad Overlay
- A type of advertisement that shows at the bottom of the TV screen, which blocks out some of the picture.
- Animation
- Often used in advertisements. By using animated characters, an advertisement may have a certain
Understanding the Boundaries of Scientific Knowledge
The Limits of Scientific Knowledge
The progress of science and technology are limited activities, both in their explanatory power and their ability to contribute to human progress. True scientific knowledge is characterized by being open (taking into account all possibilities), cautious (not claiming more than what is known), and critical.
Popper’s proper methodology emphasizes the inherently non-verifiable nature of scientific knowledge. He argued that a hypothesis can only be considered scientifically
Read MoreEnglish Language Essentials: Grammar, Vocabulary, & Writing
Informal Email Structure & Essential Phrases
Key Components of an Informal Email
- a) Greeting: Dear Mr. and Mrs. Baker
- b) Introduction: Thank you very much indeed for your kind offer.
- c) Main Body
- d) Conclusion: I am looking forward to seeing you next month.
- e) Ending: Regards / Best wishes, etc., and your full name.
Common Informal Email Expressions
Opening Expressions
- Thanks for your email/letter.
- It was great to hear from you.
- Sorry for not writing earlier / Sorry that I haven’t been in touch for a while.
Essential Vocabulary for Modern Life
Communication & Feelings
Language & Digital Interaction
- accent
- argument
- bilingual
- cognate
- comment on
- dialogue
- discussion
- expression
- false friend
- fluently
- idiom
- meaning
- mother tongue
- native speaker
- proverb
- second language
- slang
- synonym
- translation
- charger
- cut off
- emoji
- follow
- function
- get through
- instant messaging
- lose signal
- offline
- on speakerphone
- plug in
- predictive texting
- ringtone
- run out of battery
- spam
- stream
- swipe
- tag somebody
Emotions & Personal States
- affection
- annoyed
- bored
- confused
- delight
- empathy
- embarrassed
- enthusiastic
- frustrated
- hopeful
- isolated
- jealous
- relieved
- sad
- express
- diverse
- influence
- introduce
- realize
- suffer
Health
Read MoreRetrieving the Ninth Legion’s Eagle in Britannia
Chapter 5: Beyond Hadrian’s Wall
- Hadrian’s Wall stretches 130 kilometers from west to east across the country, a formidable line of forts and watchtowers, shutting out the unruly tribes of the north.
- One morning in early summer, Marcus and Esca ventured north of the Wall, a region once held by Roman valor before the tribes reclaimed it.
- Esca again wore the clothes of his own people. Marcus, disguised as a Briton with a newly grown beard, adopted the identity of “Demetrius of Alexandria,” an oculist,
Understanding Lexemes, Morphemes, and Word Formation
Lexemes and Grammatical Words
Lexeme – an abstract grammatical entity which is represented by different inflected forms. E.g., the lexeme JUMP is represented by jump, jumps, jumped, jumping.
Grammatical Word – the lexemic and grammatical content of a word form in context. E.g., in jumps over the lazy dog’s head, jumps represents the grammatical word ‘present tense of verb JUMP’; however, in huge jumps it represents the grammatical word ‘plural form of noun JUMP’
Words and Lexical Items
Words
Read MoreEnglish Grammar Practice: Tenses, Nouns, Adjectives
Exercise 1: Using “Have Got” and “Has Got”
Complete the sentences using the correct form of have got or has got.
- Bob and Tom (HAVE GOT) a house in Bariloche.
- I (HAVE GOT) two sons and a daughter.
- She (HAS GOT) a new car.
- (HAVE) you (GOT) a blue sweater?
- (HAS) she (GOT) brown hair? Yes, she (HAS).
Exercise 2: Personal Presentation
Write a paragraph introducing yourself, including your name, age, nationality, occupation, and an ability.
Exercise 3: Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Identify whether the following
Read MoreGoPro’s Marketing Strategy and Market Dynamics
Marketing Strategy and Supply Chain: The GoPro Example
The relationship between marketing strategy and an organization’s supply chain is critical for product success and market positioning. A marketing strategy dictates product features, target markets, and pricing, which in turn directly influences supply chain decisions regarding sourcing, manufacturing, and distribution. The following details on GoPro serve as a concrete industry example illustrating this relationship.
GoPro’s Mission and Strategic
Read MoreEnglish Language Competencies for Primary Students
Productive Language Skills
Speaking Skills
1st and 2nd Year Primary
- Can produce simple, mainly isolated phrases about themselves and places.
- Can read aloud some words and specific phrases using visual aids.
- Can reproduce the sounds and rhythms of English in the form of a chant, song, etc.
3rd and 4th Year Primary
- Can produce simple, mainly isolated phrases about themselves and places.
- Can read aloud some specific phrases without visual aids.
- Can act out a previously rehearsed dialogue.
- Can reproduce the sounds