Fundamentals of Global Marketing and International Business
Starbucks’ Global Growth Strategies
- Market Penetration: Starbucks built customer loyalty in the U.S. with its rewards program and smartphone payment app.
- Market Development: Starbucks entered the Indian market through an alliance with the Tata Group.
- Product Development: The company created VIA, a new instant coffee brand for home and office use. Following its success in the U.S., it was launched in Great Britain, Japan, South Korea, and other Asian countries.
- Product Diversification: In 2011, Starbucks
The Road to World War I and the Russian Revolution (1885–1921)
The Origins of Global Conflict (1885–1914)
The Berlin Conference was held in 1885 to establish rules for the colonization of the African continent by European empires. However, the rise of power of the German Empire created conflicts between European countries. Morocco, in particular, created significant tension at the beginning of the 20th century, as European powers all sought to control it.
The System of Alliances and the Arms Race
Before World War I began, two opposing alliances were formed:
- The
Essential Management Concepts: Functions, Motivation, and Operations
Functions of Management
Management involves four core functions (Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling) necessary to achieve organizational goals.
Planning
Setting performance objectives and deciding how to achieve them.
- Advantages: Clarifies objectives and resource needs; serves as the first step in goal attainment.
- Implementation: Developing short-term, long-term, and operational plans.
Controlling
Measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results.
- Advantages: Facilitates performance
The Pillars of the Generation of ’98: Unamuno, Baroja, and Azorín
The Generation of ’98: Key Figures and Literary Contributions
Miguel de Unamuno (1864–1936)
Born in Bilbao, Unamuno lived most of his life in Salamanca, where he worked at the university as a professor of Greek and later as rector. Between 1924 and 1930, he lived in exile in France and Fuerteventura because he was subjected to criticism for his opposition to the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera. Although he initially supported the Republic, he evolved into a critical position toward both the Republic
Read MoreEssential English Vocabulary and Grammar Structures
Core English Vocabulary Lists
Personality Adjectives
- BIG-HEARTED
- CARING
- COURAGEOUS
- CRUEL
- DEPENDABLE
- MODEST
- OPTIMISTIC
- OUTGOING
- RESPONSIBLE
- SELFLESS
- SUPPORTIVE
- SYMPATHETIC
Common Verb Collocations: GET and MAKE
- GET BETTER
- GET INVOLVED
- GET PERMISSION
- GET THE FEELING
- GET THINGS DONE
- GET USED TO
- MAKE A PROMISE
- MAKE AN EFFORT
- MAKE AN IMPRESSION
- MAKE THE MOST OF
Verbs Related to Advertising
- ADVERTISE
- APPEAL
- APPEAR
- BROADCAST
- CLAIM
- EXAGGERATE
- INFLUENCE
- INFORM
- MANIPULATE
- PROMOTE
- RECOMMEND
Shopping and Consumer Terms
- BARGAINING
- BID
- BROWSE
- BROWSER
- CHARGE
- CONSUME
- CONSUMER
- PURCHASE
- REFUND
- SELECT
- SELECTION
- SUPPLIER
- SUPPLY
Pronouns:
Read MoreFundamental Principles of Marketing: Strategy and Management
Key Features of Modern Marketing
The definitions above highlight the following features:
- Business Process: Marketing is a continuous business process undertaken to earn profit from the buying and selling of goods and services.
- Customer-Driven: In this process, goods and services are provided according to customer demand.
- Comprehensive Scope: The process is not merely related to buying and selling. It includes all activities required to deliver goods from producers to the end customer.
- Satisfaction-Oriented:
Global Imperialism: Causes, Colonial Structures, and New Powers
The New Imperialist Powers
U.S. Imperialism
The economic causes of American expansionism stemmed from high economic growth and were a direct result of intense European protectionism. Imperialism was also based on a strong ideological foundation.
- Social Darwinism: This concept gained wide acceptance, promoting the idea that the U.S. must compete fiercely with other nations to survive internationally.
- Monroe Doctrine: The American continent was considered its natural sphere, allowing the U.S. to intervene
Key Concepts in Urban Geography and Primary Sector Economics
Urban Geography Terminology
Metropolitan Area
Definition: An urban area formed by a central city and adjoining communities, featuring a transport and communications system connecting the central city with its area of influence.
Historic Center
Features: Flat, irregular, compact urban fabric, low-altitude buildings, mixed land use, and a blending of diverse social groups.
Business District (CBD)
Definition: The part of the city concentrating superior urban functions, high specialization, directives of
Read MoreLiterary Analysis: Important Questions from Indigo, The Rattrap, and Lost Spring
The Champaran Episode (Indigo)
Q.1 Why did Gandhiji feel that taking the Champaran case to court was useless?
Ans: When Gandhiji learned about the plight of the peasant groups in Champaran from his discussion with the lawyers, he concluded that the poor peasants were so crushed and fear-stricken that law courts were useless in their case. Going to courts overburdened the sharecroppers with heavy litigation expenses. What really needed to be done was to make them free from fear.
Q.2 How did the Champaran
Read MoreAncient Cultures: The Vikings and Celts of Europe
The Vikings: Norse Seafarers and Warriors (793–1066)
The Vikings were Norse people who originated from Scandinavia (modern-day Denmark, Norway, and Sweden). They were renowned seafarers and warriors whose influence spanned from the 8th to the 14th centuries.
Major Viking Tribes
The three most important tribes were:
- Danes: Known primarily for their raids and extensive settlements in the Danelaw region of England.
- Norwegians: Focused on exploration, raiding, and settling in the British Isles and Iceland.