Medieval Europe: Romanesque & Gothic Art, Crusades, Monastic Life
Romanesque Art
Romanesque art was the first international artistic style, affecting all of Europe. In religious art, it expressed the importance of Jesus Christ in history and the influence of the Church.
- Painting: No perspective. Polychrome colors. Frescoes (painted directly on the wall), tables (on wood), and miniatures (book illustrations).
- Sculpture: Used symbolism on the covers of churches and in the capitals. Scenes of Christ and the Virgin Mary.
- Architecture: Churches of pilgrimage and monasteries.
Mastering English Punctuation: A Comprehensive Look
There are 14 punctuation marks that are commonly used in English grammar. They are the period, question mark, exclamation point, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, hyphen, parentheses, brackets, braces, apostrophe, quotation marks, and ellipsis. Following their correct usage will make your writing easier to read and more appealing.
Sentence Endings
Three of the fourteen punctuation marks are appropriate for use as sentence endings. They are the period, question mark, and exclamation point.
The period (
Read MoreAuguste Comte, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Marx: Key Philosophies
Auguste Comte: Positivism and the Law of Three Stages
Comte proposed a socially conservative reformism that aimed to use science to solve the problems of the new times. He is the initiator of positivism, a philosophical current that defends direct knowledge of material reality as it is. This is scientific knowledge extracted from the recording of natural empirical phenomena. Comte defended his philosophy, stating that the same law is repeated in humanity. This law is the law of three stages.
Comte
Read MoreCatalan Poetry: Analysis of 8 Essential Works
Ode to Guynemer
Maria-Josep Jospin (1920)
Ode to Guynemer tells the story of a young aviator, Frank, whose plane was shot down in action during the First World War. With the use of different stanzas, the author explains Guynemer’s heroism. Making use of metaphors, the author states that although he was mortally wounded, he still accompanies Guynemer to the glory of eternity, the world of celestial bodies. The author also gives us another glimpse into the importance of acting with valor.
I Miss All
Read MoreMacbeth and Paulina: Fate, Free Will, and the Pursuit of Peace
Macbeth: Fate and Free Will in Shakespeare’s Tragedy
The Influence of the Witches’ Prophecies
In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the witches’ prophecies are presented as truths that may also be what Macbeth needs to hear to fulfill his destiny. These prophecies serve as a tool to manipulate Macbeth, ultimately placing his fate in his own hands. He believes in the prophecies but is uncertain if they will come to pass without his intervention. After all, the witches never specify how he will become king. When
Read MoreMarx: Alienation, Capitalism, and Ideology in Society
Marx: Alienation, Capitalism, and Ideology
For Marx, man is essentially a social and historical being whose main activity is work.
Understanding Alienation
Marx defines alienation as the phenomenon of suppressing the individual’s personality, controlling and reversing their free will, with the aim of making a person dependent. In relation to capitalism, alienation is established as an imbalance in the production process that has its origin in the division of labor and private property. Alienation is
Read MoreEarth’s Geological History: Precambrian to Cenozoic Eras
Precambrian Era: From Earth’s Origin to 570 Million Years Ago
Hadean Eon
- Earth separated into three layers.
- The first atmosphere was formed.
- Meteorites continually bombarded the Earth.
- The Moon was formed.
- The first life forms probably existed at the end of the Hadean.
Archean Eon
- Few rocks remain from this eon.
- Almost all of the Earth was an ocean, with only microcontinents.
Proterozoic Eon
- Supercontinents were formed, and lithospheric movement was similar to that of today.
- Meteorite bombardment stopped.
- Tectonic
Spain’s Economy: Fishing, Energy, Industry, Agriculture & Mining
Fishing in Spain
Fishing is an important economic activity in Spain. There are two different major fishing regions:
- Atlantic Region
- Mediterranean Region
Fishing activity has the following problems:
- The exhaustion of domestic boilers
- The limits on catches
- The age of the fleet
They have made a conversion of fishing. Measures taken include:
- The modernization of the fleet
- The establishment of joint fishing companies
- Aid to areas most affected
- The development of aquaculture
Energy Sources in Spain
Non-Renewable Energy
17th Century Habsburg Spain: Internal Conflicts & Decline
17th Century Habsburgs: Government and Internal Conflicts
During the 17th century, the last three Habsburgs, Philip III (1598-1621), Philip IV (1621-1665), and Charles II (1665-1700), ascended to the throne. It was an absolute monarchy, concentrating all political power in the hands of the sovereign, outside the medieval nobility and institutions like the courts or municipalities. The kings, however, delegated the government to validos, privies, or favorites who governed on their behalf. This was
Read MoreValencia Silk Exchange: History and Architecture
Valencia Silk Exchange
Chronology
Built between 1482 and 1498.
Style
The Hall is in the Catalan Gothic style, while the Consulate of the Sea is in the Renaissance style. Architects: Pere Compte, Joan Ivarra, Joan Corbera, and Domingo Urteaga. Materials used: wood and stone. Construction system: architraved and vaulted.
- Use of pointed arches and ribbed vaults.
- Adaptation of the building to its intended function.
- Increasingly complicated structures (arches and domes).
- Lacks the complex ornamentation of cathedrals.