Uses and Gratifications Theory: Media Consumption Motives & Effects
Uses & Gratifications
What do people do with media? Uses & gratifications shifts the focus to understanding why people use media. It combines insights from different fields.
The starting point is the assumption that we consume media to satisfy needs. The focus is on analyzing these needs and the direct impact media has.
It assumes the audience is relatively active. The background is essential to understand people’s choice of media. Media impact is limited by individual differences, motivation,
Read MoreBlack Death Impact on Feudalism and the War of the Roses
The Black Death and its Impact
Pestilence. To understand the War of the Roses, we need to go back in time. In 1348, the Hundred Years’ War was interrupted by a terrible disease that attacked Europe: the Black Death. Originating in China, it followed the Silk Road. A place in Crimea was attacked by Tartars who threw bodies into the sea and onto ships.
Once in Italy, it spread all over Europe, infecting the entire continent within a few years. The death toll was approximately 20–23 million.
People
Read MoreCorporate Finance: Key Concepts and Tools
Economic Value Added (EVA) and Market Value Added (MVA)
Economic Value Added (EVA) and Market Value Added (MVA) are key tools to measure how well a company is maximizing shareholder wealth. EVA shows the value a company creates each year by measuring its profit after subtracting all costs, including the cost of capital invested by shareholders. If EVA is positive, it means the company is earning more than its costs and creating value. On the other hand, MVA reflects the total wealth created for shareholders
Read MoreCatalan Counties: Independence, Agriculture, and the Crown of Aragon
The Process of Independence
The counties are hereditary
At the end of the ninth century, Catalan counts appointed by the king of the Franks inherited their office. The first step towards independence was taken by Wilfred the Hairy, count of Barcelona, Girona, Urgell, and Cerdanya, who passed his territories to his offspring.
Thus, for the first time, the counts were not appointed by the Frankish king. This began the dynasty that ruled from the County of Barcelona.
The Counties Become Independent
The
Read MoreSpanish Tourism: Evolution, Factors, and Challenges
Spanish Tourism: Definition and Types
Definition of tourism.
- Types: exterior (not country) / interior
Evolution of Tourism
In principle, trips were made by the aristocracy (until 1945). After the 2nd World War, mass tourism began.
Factors in the Development of Tourism in Spain
Booming tourism in the 60s:
- Economic growth after the Second World War
- Progress of transport in Europe
- Geographic proximity to European customers
- Natural and cultural attractiveness of Spain
- Low cost
- Ease of state and emergence of big
Thomas Aquinas’ Philosophy: Influences and Medieval Context
Thomas Aquinas’ Philosophy: Key Influences and Medieval Context
The philosophy of Thomas Aquinas is mainly marked by the philosophy of Aristotle. His greatest influence was Aristotle, from whom he derived his theories of ontology, theology, anthropology, and ethics.
Aristotle’s Influence on Aquinas
- Ontology: Aquinas adopts Aristotle’s theory of motion, describing the passage from potency to act and differentiating the four types of movements: substantial, quantitative, qualitative, and local. He also
Romanesque Sculpture: Characteristics and Themes
General Characteristics of Romanesque Sculpture
Stylistic Evolution of the Relief
- During the Romanesque period, sculptors were primarily interested in the intellectual aspect and the message, rather than a natural, faithful representation of reality.
- Figures are simple, with very flat relief. They wear tight clothes, and their bodies have simple, parallel folds. They are often disproportionate, artificially lengthened, and lack volume.
- Compositions are simple, often juxtaposed, with no perspective,
Gothic Architecture and Art: Evolution and Characteristics
Gothic Architecture: Key Features
Its salient features were: the elevation (the weight is achieved by diverting to the side) and lighting (weight shifting is achieved, so we can neglect the walls and put big windows). All this gives high slenderness. Gothic building elements:- Arches: ogee and evolved into carpaneles.
- Vaults: transept formed by the skeleton (nerves) and elements (cloths, between nerves).
- The walls are narrower and the forces are released into the pillars to the ribs (columns attached
ATP, Cells, and Cellular Processes: A Comprehensive Look
ATP: The Universal Energy Currency
ATP is a molecule found in all living things and is the main source of energy usable by cells to perform their activities.
The Cell Theory
- The cell is the structural unit of living beings; all living things are made of one or more cells.
- The cell is the functional unit of living things; it is the smallest unit capable of performing the vital functions of a living being.
- All cells come from another pre-existing cell by division.
Basic Structures of Cells
All cells have
Read MoreVPNs, Firewalls, and Network Security Essentials
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
Motivation: Institutions often want private networks for security. However, maintaining separate routers, links, and DNS infrastructure can be costly. A VPN offers a solution by creating a secure tunnel over the public internet. With a VPN, an institution’s inter-office traffic is sent over the public internet but is:
- Encrypted before entering the public internet
- Logically separated from other traffic
Security Associations (SAs)
- Before sending data, a “security association