English Grammar: Past, Present, Future, and More
Past Tense Verbs
Regular and Irregular Verbs:
- become – became (convertirse en)
- swim – swam (nadar)
- get – got (conseguir)
- win – won (ganar)
- write – wrote (escribir)
- drink – drank (tomar)
- drive – drove (conducir)
- forget – forgot (olvidar)
- run – ran (correr)
- make – made (hacer)
- be – was (I, He, She, It), wasn’t; were (You, We, They), weren’t (ser, estar)
- go – went (ir)
- think – thought (pensar)
- do – did (hacer)
- can – could / couldn’t (poder)
- see – saw (ver)
- have – had (tener)
- meet – met (conocer a alguien)
Negative Sentences
Pop Psychology, Turing Machines, and Nervous System Explained
Pop Psychology
Pop psychology, also known as folk psychology, explains behavior in terms of mental states, specifically beliefs and desires. Jerry Fodor referred to it as common-sense psychology. Fodor found pop psychology interesting for three reasons:
- Its reliability: It allows us to infer intentions from what people say and predict behavior from their intentions.
- Its theoretical depth: It explains how beliefs, preferences, and behaviors interact, enabling generalizations about human behavior.
- Its
Spain’s Restoration: Politics & Society (1876)
The Political System of the Spanish Restoration
The Restoration signified a return to conservatism and consolidated the liberal revolutionary cycle. This was achieved through the approval of a set of laws proposed for the Restoration during the *Sexenio*. The pacification of various sectors of society and its leaders was key. A broad framework for policy was established, an agreement was reached with the Church, and the army was subordinated to civil power. The theoretical framework, devised by Cánovas,
Read MoreEffective Communication and Distribution Strategies
Communication
The set of activities aimed at increasing sales seeks to highlight the product, enhance corporate image, and encourage purchases. This is performed using different communication techniques:
- Advertising
- Sales Promotion
- Personal Selling
- Public Relations
- Merchandising
Advertising
Transmitting a message to inform about a product, on one hand, and later persuade the consumer to purchase it through a communication medium.
- Mailing: More personalized.
- Advertising Campaign: Usually performed by advertising
Church Influence in Medieval Society & Romanesque/Gothic Art
Church Life Regulated by Private Entities
Mallorie interfered in religious rituals from birth to death. Christians were attending mass, fasting during Lent, and going to confession at least once a year. The Church regulated everyday tasks, such as ringing church bells. They continued the church calendar.
Church Interference in Politics and Society
The Church had great social and economic power, charging rents to their tenants and collecting tithes from farmers. It also had great political influence,
Read MoreClarín and Pérez Galdós: Masters of Spanish Realism
Leopoldo Alas “Clarín”: Life and Works
Leopoldo Alas, known as “Clarín,” was born in Zamora in 1852 but lived in Oviedo, Asturias, until his death in 1901. He felt a deep connection to Asturias. Clarín and Emilia Pardo Bazán are key figures of Spanish Naturalism, though they never reached the extremes of their French counterparts. The main features of Clarín’s works are:
- Inspiration from Reality: His works are a reflection of real life.
- Psychological Depth: Characters are portrayed with detailed
Leavisism and T.S. Eliot: Impact on Cultural Studies
The Leavisites and T.S. Eliot
F.R. Leavis and Q.D. Leavis represented a new type of critic at Cambridge. They helped to extend the debate on mass culture. F.R. Leavis edited and contributed to a journal called Scrutiny. They followed the path that Arnold opened up in criticism. The influence of the Leavises and Scrutiny is fundamental to the development of what understanding culture meant in English Studies.
Leavisite Approach to Culture
The Leavisite approach to culture was divided into two forms:
Read MoreInternational Trade Documents: Key Functions
Key Documents in International Trade
Banking Documents
- Banking Documents: Used for paying and getting paid.
- Bill of Exchange: The exporter completes a form instructing their bank to prepare a draft and send it to the importer’s bank.
- Cash in Advance: The importer sends a check or deposits funds into the exporter’s bank account.
- Letter of Credit: Must be completed by the importer and given to the opening bank.
Transportation Documents
- Transportation Documents: Used to keep track of merchandise.
- Packing List:
Understanding Human Action: Ethics and Morality
What Is Meant by Human Action?
Action refers to something we do consciously, being aware of our actions. Actions arise from the free will of man. Actions are grouped into two categories:
- Involuntary/Forced: Implies responsibility.
- Due to Ignorance: May or may not imply guilt and responsibility.
- Voluntary/Mixed: Implies responsibility.
- Purely Voluntary: Implies responsibility.
Action Items
Intention
When we say a person has a tendency to do something, we are saying that person has an inclination to do something.
Read MoreSpain’s Crises and Dictatorships: 1917-1930
The Fall of the Dictator and the Dictablanda
The Fall of the Dictator: Alfonso XIII chose to withdraw confidence from the dictator, who resigned in January 1930.
Dictablanda: General Berenguer took his place, but the return to constitutional normality was so slow that it was called a “soft dictatorship” (dictablanda). Aznar called elections, but because Alfonso XIII was committed to the dictatorship, the elections were presented as a vote for or against the monarchy.
Crises of 1917
Military Crisis
The
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