Pre-Capitalist Economies: Feudalism and Early Business
Unit 1: Pre-Capitalist Economy Features
Highlights: Great diversity of social and economic forms, organic-based economies, predominance of agriculture, manual production techniques, use of hydraulic and wind energy, uniquely human and animal consumption, reduced mobility of production factors, adaptation of the holding unit to the family organization, little specialization, and low capacity for accumulation of surpluses.
Pre-Capitalist Feudal Economy and Business
Feudalism was the dominant socioeconomic
Read MoreOccupational Health and Safety: Hazards, Prevention, Protection
Health and Safety in the Workplace
Health is the complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being. An occupational hazard is the possibility that a worker suffers a work-related injury.
Prevention and Protection
Prevention: Measures taken to prevent or reduce occupational risks.
Protection: Measures taken to reduce damage.
Risk Factors
Risk factors related to working conditions include safety and environmental risks. These can be:
- Physical
- Chemical
- Biological
Risks associated with the human factor
Read MoreCatalan-Aragonese Crown: Expansion and Society
The Expansion of the Crown of Aragon
The Causes of the Expansion: The defeat of Peter II of Aragon at the Battle of Muret (1213) ended a period in which the Crown of Aragon had expansionist aims in the lands of southern France.
The Conquest of Majorca and Valencia: The first objective of the Catalan nobles and merchants was the Balearic Islands, as they were a rich Muslim kingdom. The conquest of the Kingdom of Valencia was an initiative of the Aragonese nobles and military-religious orders.
Land Distribution
Read MoreSecularization and Agrarian Changes in 19th-Century Spain
Introduction
Secularization involved freeing property assets that, under the Old Regime, remained as ‘dead hands’. Initially, property was disassociated from the nobility. Then, Church and municipal property were disentailed. This process freed assets for the market, a significant departure from the Old Regime. Secularization was the most impactful practical step taken by Liberal governments, encompassing two key measures: seizure of assets held in mortmain and their subsequent sale via public auction.
Read MorePolyphony, Renaissance, and Baroque Music
Evolution of Polyphony
700-900, 900-1100, 1100, 1200
- Organum – Medieval music consisting of Gregorian chant and at least one additional line.
- Organal – Chant moves slowly, and the added line moves quickly above it.
- Discant – A chant is moving quickly in a similar fashion to the added line.
- Proper – Changes everyday.
- Ordinary – Stays the same.
The Renaissance (1450-1600)
Patrons: Church, Royalty, Governments
Professions: Singer, Choirmaster, Instrument builder, Organist, Copyist, Printer, Publisher, Teacher,
Read MoreSocial and Industrial Transformations in the 19th Century
Social Changes in the 19th Century
The Rise of Class Consciousness. The working classes became conscious of their collective identity and began organizing to make demands (giving rise to unions, labor parties, etc.). This led to successive improvements in employment conditions. Two factors contributed to the strengthening of collective consciousness: a significant increase in non-wage earners and urbanization. The main instrument of force was the strike, often harshly repressed by employers. The
Read MoreLinear Equations: Forms, Graphs, and Systems
This was made by Shawn
Equation of a Line in Slope Y-Intercept Form
Recall: Slope y-intercept form
Write the equation of the line.
a) m = -5, b = 2 => y = -5x + 2
b) Y-int (b) = -3, slope (m) = 1/2
y = (1/2)x – 3
c) Rate of change (m) = -2/5, initial value (b) = 0
y = (-2/5)x + 0 => y = -2/5x
y = 5/7x + 2
Equation of a Line in Standard Form
To graph a linear equation in standard form, you must rewrite it into slope y-intercept form.
Steps:
- Isolate the term with the dependent variable on one side of
Understanding Economic Systems and Sectors
1. Economics Explained
In the 20th century, a new society was created where people interact with money. Currently, the service and leisure sectors are of great importance in industrial development, indicating that we live in a service-based society.
2. Functions of the State in the Economy
- Economics – It establishes the rules regulating economic activity.
- Private Sector Support – It provides support for the promotion of the private sector.
- Sector and Area Development – It assists sectors and areas facing
Mastering English Grammar: Key Concepts
Passive Voice with ‘By’ (Simple Past)
Structure:
- Subject + was/were + past participle + by + agent.
Example:
- The book was written by J.K. Rowling.
- The cookies were baked by my grandmother.
Use:
The passive voice is used when we want to emphasize the action or the object of the sentence instead of who performs the action. This is useful in contexts where the agent is not relevant or unknown.
Additional Example:
- The movie was directed by Steven Spielberg.
- The painting was created by Van Gogh.
Passive Voice without
Understanding Economics: Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Economic Principles
Economy: The study of how humans meet their needs using scarce resources. It deals with the production of goods and services (supply) and consumption of goods and services (demand). Factors of production include natural, human, and manufactured resources. Economic theory attempts to explain the process of managing scarce resources.
Methodology
- Set assumptions about the behavior of agents and the logical context.
- Deduce social conclusions or predictions about the studied reality.
- Contrast