Panel Data Models: Fixed & Random Effects, Hausman Test
Panel Data Models: Key Concepts & Estimators
1. General Panel Data Model
The general panel data model is expressed as:
$y_{it} = \alpha_i + X_{it}’\beta + \epsilon_{it}$
$\alpha_i$: Represents the individual-specific, time-invariant effect.
Goal: Estimate $\beta$ despite unobserved heterogeneity.
2. Fixed Effects (FE) Estimator
Methods:
LSDV (Least Squares Dummy Variables): Not feasible for large $N$.
Within Estimator:
$y_{it} – \bar{y}_i = (X_{it} – \bar{X}_i)\beta + (\epsilon_{it} – \bar{\epsilon}_i)
Read MoreCore Concepts: Legal Philosophy, Logic, and Metaphysics
Method Definition?
It is a rule or a guide to continue with the intention of achieving any purpose or procedure.
What are the Two Goals of Method?
The two goals are:
- Order.
- Ensure steps to reach an end.
Legal Concept of Methodology?
It is the science that studies the stages or rules for the study of law or research.
Definition of Legal Philosophy?
It is the branch of philosophy that studies law.
Streams of Legal Philosophy?
The main streams are:
- Positivism
- Realism
- Sociological
- Ontological
Concept of Logic?
It is
Read MoreCommunication Essentials: Advertising, Literary Forms, and News Reporting
Advertising Fundamentals
Advertising is a communication system where an issuer aims to influence specific receptors to act in a certain way.
An advertisement is a form of publicity that presents an idea or product attractively, with the primary objective of influencing the receiver’s behavior.
Advertising language should be:
- Original in form.
- Concise, transmitting much information in little space.
- Expressive.
The slogan is an essential tool of advertising language, summarizing a campaign’s content and
Read MoreGod’s Plan for Nations: A Biblical History of Redemption
Essay Topics for Biblical Studies
Write an essay on any of the following topics:
Reasons to Study Historical Books
The three reasons why we study and preach the historical books are:
- They cover the whole counsel of God.
- They reveal God’s plan and show how His plan has been accomplished in history.
- They are a framework for understanding the rest of the Bible.
Principles for Using Old Testament Historical Books in Preaching
There are three principles that should be followed when using Old Testament historical
Franchising Essentials: Benefits, Obligations, and Contracts
Understanding Franchising: A Business Model
Franchising is a marketing system built on close and continuous collaboration between financially and legally distinct and independent companies. Through franchising, the franchisor grants its franchisees the right and obligation to conduct business under the franchisor’s established concept.
The Franchisor’s Concept
The franchisor’s concept is a combination of three key elements:
- The proprietary ownership or right to use specific logos and branding.
- The utilization
University Thesis Essentials: Research, Types, and Success
Undergraduate Thesis: Definition and Purpose
An undergraduate thesis is a research project required and controlled by the university. Its primary aim is to develop knowledge, attain new insights, and adhere to scientific principles.
University Thesis and Scientific Research Relationship
The relationship lies in applying the rules of the scientific research process to university research.
What is Research?
Research is the act of investigating or inquiring, in its natural and generic sense.
Defining Scientific
Read MoreKey Business Frameworks and Strategies
Senior Consultant Recommendations for NH Board
As Senior Consultant for the tourism sector, the innovations I would propose would be, in the first place, technological advancements. Creating hotels with significant technological capabilities, using the newest technologies, would make them much more attractive to customers. I would also propose changes in the facilities to create a distinctive hotel that captures customers’ attention. Finally, I would seek to change the company’s policy regarding
Read MoreRoad to World War II: Aggression, Pacts, & Weimar Republic
The Road to World War II: Fascist Aggressions
Key Aggressions Leading to Global Conflict
1931: Japan Invades Manchuria
In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria (China), establishing the satellite state of Manchukuo the following year. As the most powerful nation in the Far East, this marked a significant act of aggression.
1933: Germany Leaves the League of Nations
A pivotal move by the new German government in 1933 led to Germany’s withdrawal from the League of Nations. This action, following the collapse of
Romanticism: Characteristics, Literary Forms, and Historical Context
Origins of Romanticism
This cultural, artistic, and ideological movement of the mid-18th century originated in the German Sturm und Drang school, which advocated a break with established rules and the expression of feelings. It then spread to England and France, and later to Spain (starting around 1833). Romanticism was introduced gradually in stages: the first stage was more conservative, focusing on cultural identity; the second was more liberal; and the third was more intimate.
Key Features of
Read MoreSpanish Civil War: Origins, Divisions, and Global Repercussions
The Spanish Civil War: Origins and Global Impact
Coup to Civil War: The Uprising Begins
On June 17, 1936, Colonel Yagüe, commander of the Legion, took up arms against the Republic. The insurrection quickly spread to the rest of the Moroccan Protectorate. Between July 18 and 19, the majority of military garrisons in the rest of Spain joined the coup, along with civilian sectors and Carlist Falangists (Requetés). From Morocco, on July 18, General Franco went to the Peninsula leading the Army of Africa.
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