19th-Century Spanish Literature: Realism and Romanticism
Realism and Naturalism in 19th-Century Spain
Realism. Features: Analysis and classification of reality, preference for the novel, contextualizing contemporary objectivity, social criticism.
A) Narrative. Evolution:
- Prereality: Ferran Caballero (The Seagull), Pedro E. de Alarcón (The Three-Cornered Hat).
- Realism. Features: Likelihood, universality, social issues, time frame, space frame, objective narration.
Authors:
- Traditionalists: Pereda (Peñas Arriba), Palacio Valdés (The Lost Village), Father Coloma
International Division of Labor & Second Industrial Revolution
The International Division of Labor
This period is characterized by a profound transformation of the global market for manufactures and agricultural products resulting from the addition of new suppliers and technological advances.
1. Agriculture
- Northwest Europe: Germany, Scandinavia, and France. The traditional agricultural sector entered a deep crisis. These countries were subjected to an external supply of grain cheaper than what they produced. Each country adopted a different measure:
- Great Britain:
Spanish Population’s Demographic Regimes
Demographic Regimes
In the evolution of the natural movement of the Spanish population, various stages or demographic regimes are distinguished, along which birth rates, death rates, and natural growth present homogeneous features. These stages include the old demographic regime, the demographic transition, and the modern regime. The demographic transition in Spain occurred later than in other European countries.
The Old Demographic Regime: Until the Early 20th Century
It is characterized by high birth
Read MoreUnderstanding Modern Imperialism: Key Events and Concepts
Understanding Modern Imperialism
Modern imperialism usually refers to the attitude of some powers, principally in Europe, from the modern era to the decolonization process after World War II. More specifically, it refers to the Age of Imperialism, a period from 1871 to 1919, when there was a race to build empires, notably the division of Africa.
Key Events and Concepts
- Berlin Conference: Held from November 15, 1884, to February 26, 1885, in Berlin, called by France and England to address the challenges
Second Continental Congress: Key Events & Figures
The Second Continental Congress
The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting in the summer of 1775 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, soon after warfare in the American Revolutionary War had begun. It succeeded the First Continental Congress.
Key Figures and Events
- George Washington: Selected to head the hastily improvised army in Boston.
- The Battle of Bunker Hill: A battle fought on June 17, 1775, during the Siege of Boston in the early stages
Understanding Gender Identity and Communication Styles
Gender Identity and Communication Styles
This document explores the concepts of gender identity and communication styles.
Gender Identity
Gender identity refers to the social and personal characteristics of being a man or a woman. It is distinct from biological sex.
- Gender Dysphoria: A condition where one’s gender identity does not align with their biological sex.
- Travesti: A broad term for individuals who may dress or present themselves in the gender of the opposite sex.
- Drag King/Queen: For entertainment
Railroad and Telegraph: Revolutionizing 19th Century Spain
The Communications Revolution: Railroads in Spain
The slow emergence of the railroad in the mid-nineteenth century, coupled with Spain’s complicated orography, absence of navigation channels, and poor road network, made the installation of a rail network imperative. This network would ensure coordination of the national market, enable a centralized state, and facilitate the mobility of people. The railroad arrived in Spain lagging behind other European countries due to the Carlist wars, difficulties
Read MoreAncient Greece: Polis, Democracy, and Athenian Life
Polis: City-States of Ancient Greece
Polis: city-states of ancient Greece.
Democracy: the power of the people, i.e., people could vote.
Oligarchy: the power of a few, that is, the kings and the rich.
Hellenic: Ancient Greece, united by language and religion, but without a single capital.
Geographic Framework
Location: Balkans, the Aegean Sea.
Relief: mountainous terrain hindered communication.
Climate: warm and dry.
Sea: supported fisheries and encouraged trade.
The majority of the population was rural.
Features
Read MoreFascism, Nazism, and the Spanish Civil War: Key Differences
Fascist and Nazi Ideologies
Fascism emerged as a response to the economic and political turmoil following World War I, fueled by the radicalization of revolutionary movements. It stands apart from both socialism and liberalism.
Fascism promotes the following core ideas:
- Nationalism: Exaltation of one’s own nation, often accompanied by xenophobic attitudes.
- Totalitarian State: Complete control over all aspects of society, with the exception of religion.
- Racism: A consequence of nationalism and hatred
Regional Economic Organizations in Latin America
Latin American Economic System (SELA)
SELA (Latin American Economic System) is a regional organization based in Caracas, Venezuela, consisting of 27 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Created on October 17, 1975, through the Panama Convention, SELA is currently composed of Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Chile, Ecuador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Dominican Republic,
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