Colonial America: Government and Administration
Government and Administration in the Colonial Empire
From an institutional point of view, America was integrated into the Crown of Castile, which caused the institutions to be similar to the Castilian ones, but with some peculiarities. Therefore, the trend was centralized and authoritarian, but limited by distance and slow communications. This led to the famous formula, “It is obeyed, but not fulfilled.”
The institutions were distributed among those in the peninsula, the House of Trade and the Council
Read MoreSimple Machines and Mechanisms: Levers, Pulleys, and More
Simple Machines and Mechanisms
Levers
A lever is a rigid bar that is supported by a fulcrum.
Formula: F · d = R · r
Lever Classes
- Class 1: The fulcrum is between the effort applied and the resistance. The effect of the effort applied can be multiplied or reduced.
- Class 2: The resistance is between the fulcrum and the effort applied. The effect of the effort applied is always multiplied.
- Class 3: The effort applied is between the fulcrum and the resistance. The effect of the effort applied is always reduced.
Hypothetico-Deductive Method in Science
Approach to the Problem
Hypothetico-deductive departure: The said problem to be raised in a rigorous and precise manner, as much as possible. Contributing to this end are: observation, analysis, etc. The problems are not a naive or spontaneous observation, but necessarily arise from a prior theoretical framework.
Hypothesis Formulation
The proposed hypotheses, that is, a supposition, is adopted as a possible explanation or solution to the problem. This hypothesis shows how a universal statement should
Read MoreEnglish in Africa: History, Influence, and Features
English in Africa
Africa has over 1000 languages. It needs a link language even more than India, and English provides it. Sixteen countries have retained English since decolonization. English creoles are spreading rapidly in the markets and bazaars of West Africa. Perhaps 200 million people speak them. Standard English is taught in African schools. Good English spelling and grammar is vital for a future career in law, medicine, or government.
Trading Connections
The English language was probably first
Read MoreSpain’s Economic Transformation & Democratic Transition
Spain’s Economic Boom and Societal Changes
The Economic Boom: Spain experienced a significant period of economic growth. This rise manifested as substantial growth in industry. The modernization of agriculture came through increased mechanization and diversification of products. The service sector also grew, becoming increasingly important with the arrival of tourists. The tourism industry provided timely support for economic development. Foreign trade experienced marked growth. National income increased,
Read MoreIdeologies: Liberalism, Nationalism, Labor Movements & Anarchism
Bourgeois Ideologies
Liberalism
Liberalism is a 19th-century bourgeois ideology defending individual freedom. It advocates for:
- A written constitution.
- Separation of powers:
- Judicial: Composed of independent judges.
- Executive: Comprising the head of state (King) and the head of government (Prime Minister).
- Legislative: Formed by legislatures.
- Political pluralism, with multiple political parties.
- Restricted/census-based male suffrage.
- Popular sovereignty.
- Rights and duties of citizens.
Democracy
Democracy is
Read MoreUnderstanding Media: Fake News, Social Impact, and Theories
Fake News: Definition and Features
What are fake news and their main features?
Fake news involves the production, distribution, and consumption of false or misleading information through digital mediums. Main features include manipulation, disinformation, falseness, rumors, and conspiracy theories. These behaviors have existed as long as humans have communicated.
False or misleading information is produced, distributed, and consumed through digital communication technology. Fake news and disinformation
Bernini and Algardi’s Statues: Baroque Art in Rome
Bernini and Algardi’s Masterpieces
On the shorter sides of the room, there are two marble statues by Bernini, representing Urban VIII in a similar pose to his depiction in his tomb. The other statue, by A. Algardi, is derived from Bernini and represents Innocent X.
The Front of the Room (1595)
The front of the room, originating in 1595, depicts the she-wolf with Romulus and Remus, where the pastor Faustulus married Larentia. The framework is characteristic of large Baroque decorations, where large
Read MoreSpanish Civil War: Political, International Impact & Aftermath
The Spanish Civil War: Political and International Dimensions
The Spanish Civil War began with a military uprising aimed at overthrowing the Republic. What was intended as a coup quickly escalated into a conflict lasting almost three years. Historians have proposed two different approaches:
- Posing the Civil War as a conflict of marginal secondary interest for the great powers of the time.
- Considering it a prologue to the Second World War, where leading ideologies of the time—Fascism, Communism, and
Word Formation Processes: Affixation, Compounding, Conversion
Major Word-Formation Processes
T5
- Affixation:
- Prefix: non-smoker
- Suffixation: useless
- Infix: fan-freaking-tastic
- Conversion (Functional Shift):
- clean (adj) vs. clean (v)
- Compounding:
- Solid: wastepaper
- Hyphenated: week-end
- Open: corner shop
Minor Word-Formation Processes
- Commonization/Eponym: A proper name enters the language as a common noun (to xerox, sandwich, guy).
- Reduplication:
- Rhyme compounds: walkie-talkie, bye-bye
- Ablaut compounds: ping-pong
- Onomatopoeia: quack, cuckoo
- Back-formation: Deletion of a supposed