Noucentisme: A Cultural Movement in Catalonia
Noucentisme was a Catalan cultural and artistic movement that emerged in the early 20th century. It represented the alliance between the bourgeoisie and intellectuals. Eugenio d’Ors, the ideologue of the movement, coined the term Noucentisme.
Stages of Noucentisme
- 1906-1917: The movement’s peak years, influenced by Eugeni d’Ors’s yearly “glossary.” Josep Carner’s “The Tasty Fruits” stands out.
- 1917-1923: Noucentisme began to decline due to social and political conflicts, and confrontations between
Understanding Visual Impairment, Intellectual Disabilities, and Learning Disabilities
Visual Impairment
Anatomic or functional disturbances in the sense of vision affecting visual acuity, field of vision, color perception, or binocular visual function. This refers to persons with visual acuity ranging from 20/70 to 20/200.
Definitions
Legally blind: 20/200 in best eye with corrected vision, or <20% visual field (norm is 140-160).
Causes
- Diabetic retinopathy (#1 cause; 80% of juvenile-onset diabetes will experience diabetic retinopathy)
- Glaucoma
- Head trauma
- Macular degeneration
- Cataracts
- Retinitis
Descartes’ Methodical Doubt: A Path to Truth
Descartes advocated for only accepting as true that which appears in the mind with clarity and distinction. His rules included:
- Evidence: Only accept simple, clear, and distinct natures as evidence. Complex problems consist of complex natures.
- Synthesis: Once simple natures are understood, they must be recomposed through synthesis.
- Enumeration: Review everything to ensure nothing is skipped.
Methodical Doubt: Finding a Foundation for Truth
The goal of methodical doubt is to find a safe and true foundation
Read MoreColonial America: Government and Administration
Government and Administration in the Colonial Empire
From an institutional point of view, America was integrated into the Crown of Castile, which caused the institutions to be similar to the Castilian ones, but with some peculiarities. Therefore, the trend was centralized and authoritarian, but limited by distance and slow communications. This led to the famous formula, “It is obeyed, but not fulfilled.”
The institutions were distributed among those in the peninsula, the House of Trade and the Council
Read MoreSimple Machines and Mechanisms: Levers, Pulleys, and More
Simple Machines and Mechanisms
Levers
A lever is a rigid bar that is supported by a fulcrum.
Formula: F · d = R · r
Lever Classes
- Class 1: The fulcrum is between the effort applied and the resistance. The effect of the effort applied can be multiplied or reduced.
- Class 2: The resistance is between the fulcrum and the effort applied. The effect of the effort applied is always multiplied.
- Class 3: The effort applied is between the fulcrum and the resistance. The effect of the effort applied is always reduced.
Hypothetico-Deductive Method in Science
Approach to the Problem
Hypothetico-deductive departure: The said problem to be raised in a rigorous and precise manner, as much as possible. Contributing to this end are: observation, analysis, etc. The problems are not a naive or spontaneous observation, but necessarily arise from a prior theoretical framework.
Hypothesis Formulation
The proposed hypotheses, that is, a supposition, is adopted as a possible explanation or solution to the problem. This hypothesis shows how a universal statement should
Read MoreEnglish in Africa: History, Influence, and Features
English in Africa
Africa has over 1000 languages. It needs a link language even more than India, and English provides it. Sixteen countries have retained English since decolonization. English creoles are spreading rapidly in the markets and bazaars of West Africa. Perhaps 200 million people speak them. Standard English is taught in African schools. Good English spelling and grammar is vital for a future career in law, medicine, or government.
Trading Connections
The English language was probably first
Read MoreSpain’s Economic Transformation & Democratic Transition
Spain’s Economic Boom and Societal Changes
The Economic Boom: Spain experienced a significant period of economic growth. This rise manifested as substantial growth in industry. The modernization of agriculture came through increased mechanization and diversification of products. The service sector also grew, becoming increasingly important with the arrival of tourists. The tourism industry provided timely support for economic development. Foreign trade experienced marked growth. National income increased,
Read MoreIdeologies: Liberalism, Nationalism, Labor Movements & Anarchism
Bourgeois Ideologies
Liberalism
Liberalism is a 19th-century bourgeois ideology defending individual freedom. It advocates for:
- A written constitution.
- Separation of powers:
- Judicial: Composed of independent judges.
- Executive: Comprising the head of state (King) and the head of government (Prime Minister).
- Legislative: Formed by legislatures.
- Political pluralism, with multiple political parties.
- Restricted/census-based male suffrage.
- Popular sovereignty.
- Rights and duties of citizens.
Democracy
Democracy is
Read MoreUnderstanding Media: Fake News, Social Impact, and Theories
Fake News: Definition and Features
What are fake news and their main features?
Fake news involves the production, distribution, and consumption of false or misleading information through digital mediums. Main features include manipulation, disinformation, falseness, rumors, and conspiracy theories. These behaviors have existed as long as humans have communicated.
False or misleading information is produced, distributed, and consumed through digital communication technology. Fake news and disinformation