Temporomandibular and Body Joints: Anatomy
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the single mobile articulation of the head. It is a synovial joint with an articular disc made of fibrous tissue. It allows for the following movements:
- Descent and ascent (lowering and raising the jaw)
- Occlusal contact of the two dental arches
- Protrusion (jaw moves forward)
- Retraction (jaw moves backward)
- Lateralization (jaw moves left or right)
- Circumduction (a combination of all the previous movements)
Muscles of Mastication
The muscles
Read MoreWorld Ecosystems: Characteristics and Inhabitants
Medium Landscape
A medium landscape is a geographical area of variable extension representing different characteristics from other areas.
Types
A natural interface exists between relief, soil, climate, water, vegetation, and fauna where human beings do not intervene or have never intervened. In a humanized environment, people make changes to the environment. Few natural resources remain unchanged.
Hot Climates
Jungle
High temperatures and abundant rainfall throughout the year. Dense forest and lush, perennial
Read MoreMicroscopes and Cellular Organization: Unveiling the Microscopic World
The Microscope
The Microscope: An optical instrument designed to observe extremely small objects, making them visible to the naked eye.
Cell Theory
In 1665, after observations with a compound microscope, it was indicated that cork plant material, apparently homogeneous, is composed of innumerable holes or cells that recalled a honeycomb. Since then, the term “cell” has been widely used. Soon after, Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, with the help of simple microscopes of his own construction, made a series of
Read MoreMagma Formation, Transport, and Volcanic Processes
Magma Formation and Volcanic Processes
Mid-Ocean Ridges
Thinning of lithosphere due to slab pull forces from the denser and older subducting slab. Adiabatic decompression drives melting of the mantle. Production of primitive basalt (~50% SiO2) called Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt, or MORB. Volcanism is generally effusive (not explosive), producing voluminous basaltic lava flows and pillow lavas.
Continental Rifts
Melting due to thinning of the lithosphere, decompression-driven. More alkaline basalt than MORB
Read MoreHistorical Restoration in 19th-Century Italian Architecture
During the nineteenth century, Italian architects and theorists reacted against the school and English school *Violletiana*, proposing conservation while seeking to differentiate between the old and the new when intervention was inevitable. Following this debate, two main trends emerged: historical restoration and modern restoration, led by Luca Beltrami and Camilo Boito. Both approaches developed within the Milanese context.
Luca Beltrami and the Sforza Castle
Luca Beltrami applied his theories of
Read MoreAnglo-Irish Treaty of 1921: Arguments For and Against
Arguments For and Against the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921
The Anglo-Irish Treaty (Irish: An Conradh Angla-Éireannach) was an agreement between the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and representatives of the Irish Republic that concluded the Irish War of Independence. It provided for the establishment of the Irish Free State within a year as a self-governing dominion within the ‘community of nations known as the British Empire,’ a status ‘the same as that of the Dominion
Read MoreFederal Law: The German Legislative Process
The Legislative Process.
Federal law states that legislative power is subject to constitutional, executive, and judicial law. The legislative procedure gives absolute primacy to the Bundestag. The Bundesrat provides management expertise, and the Government provides specific knowledge of the materials, along with accompanying and supporting agencies. Closing the cycle is the Federal President, who is responsible for the sanction of laws.
As shown, legislative power is a monopoly of the Bundestag. This
Read MoreSpanish Baroque Painting: Velázquez and Murillo
Other issues that were explored: Zurbarán’s The Holy Face and The Baby Jesus in the Carpentry, carving a cross or concocting in Nazareth a crown of spines. Its true everyday world transcriptions are synthesized in his still lifes.
Baroque Realism: Velázquez and Murillo
Diego Rodríguez de Silva Velázquez (Madrid, 1599 – Seville, 1660) is the greatest genius of Spanish art. He was a supreme portraitist who covered all genres of painting: religious painting, mythological fable, still life and landscape.
Read MoreAthenian Democracy: Rise, Fall, and Philosophers
He lived during the fourth century BC in Athens, a period marked by the development and decline of Athenian democracy, shortly after the death of Pericles. During the Age of Pericles, Athens experienced an artistic, commercial, and philosophical splendor, at the cost of taxes collected from allied city-states. These city-states asked for help from Sparta. As a result of this and the differences between the Spartan polis and the Athenian polis, in the year 431 BC, the Peloponnesian Wars broke out,
Read MoreControl Systems, Automation, and Robotics
Control Systems
A control system is a set of devices within a machine designed to manage and regulate the behavior of a specific variable. For a machine to operate automatically, a control system is essential.
Open Loop Control Systems
These systems operate for a predetermined time, irrespective of environmental changes. They function based on a preset value, known as the setpoint. Examples include dishwashers, washing machines, and basic radiators.
Schematic: Input Devices – Control Devices – Output
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