Global Political Economy: Key Periods and Development Models
Rise and Fall of Liberalism
- International trade
- The gold standard
- Technological and industrial advances
- Emergence of USA after British hegemony
Setbacks to Liberalism
- The effect of WWI and WWII
- The Big Crash (1929): 1st crisis
Growth and Expansion
- Keynesianism and expansion of EU, USA, and Japan
- Bretton Woods international monetary system: Fixed exchange rates with dollar-gold standard
- Trade expansion (GATT)
Crisis and Neo-Liberalism
- Oil crisis (2nd)
- External Debt crisis
- Neo-liberalism: solution to ‘Stagflation’
Mastering English Tenses
Mastering English Tenses: A Comprehensive Guide
Simple Tenses
- Present Simple: as (1) always, every-day
- Past Simple: ate (2nd) yesterday, last, ago
- Future Simple: eat (will +1 º) this evening, later, next week, soon, at ten o’clock, in the future, tomorrow, in an hour
Continuous Tenses
- Present Continuous: I’m eating (is, are + ing) at the moment, this year, now, tonight, next, today, tomorrow
- Past Continuous: was eating (was, were + ing) at 8 o’clock, as, at
- Future Continuous: I’ll be eating (will be +
Sappho, Archilochus, and Pindar: Archaic Greek Poets
Sappho of Lesbos (Archaic)
Sappho was born in 612 BC in Mytilene, Lesbos. She came from an aristocratic family and lived in exile due to civil strife in the city. Upon her return to Mytilene, she founded an academy for girls from noble families, which was called aunts. The aunts were religious institutions that conducted private worship, but in Sappho’s case, the aunts served as a cultural center for learning music, dance, poetry, and the worship of Aphrodite, the goddess of love. This environment
Read MoreIndustrial Automation: History, Components, and Applications
The Evolution of Industrial Automation
The history of industrial automation spans key developments:
- Origins: Began in the 18th century with the First Industrial Revolution.
- Electrification: Widespread use of electricity allowed flexible, efficient factory power distribution.
- Assembly Line: Henry Ford’s moving assembly line (1913) reduced production time and costs.
- PLCs: In the 1960s, Programmable Logic Controllers replaced hard-wired relay logic with software, offering flexibility and reliability in
Franco’s Regime: Authoritarianism and National Catholicism in Spain
Franco’s Regime in Spain (1939-1975)
The Franco regime was an authoritarian and dictatorial political force in Spain between 1939 and 1975. The ideology that underpinned the leadership of General Francisco Franco Bahamonde was born with the military victory in the Spanish Civil War. Their power base was in control of all levers of government: chief of state, government, single party, the National Movement, and the Army. Franco’s courts did not have legislative initiative, concentrating executive
Read MoreKant’s Metaphysics: A Critical Rationalist Revolution
The issue is so fundamental that Kantian metaphysics has not yet found the sure path of science, despite being the most important matter for human beings. It is important to remember that metaphysical questions have always been present. Kant was very much influenced by the development of science; therefore, he wondered what happens to reason when one part cannot avoid thinking about metaphysical issues, and another part lacks a scientific explanation for them.
Why does Kant believe that criticism
Read MoreUnderstanding Retroactivity, Grammatical Rules, and Legal Interpretation
Retroactive Law and Paul Roubier’s Doctrine
According to Paul Roubier’s doctrine, laws are considered retroactive when applied:
- To facts governed by prior law.
- To ongoing legal situations, depending on the impact occurring before the new law’s enactment. If the new law applies to unrealized consequences of an incident under prior law, it has an immediate, not retroactive, effect.
Grammatical Elements in the Civil Code
Article 19, paragraph 1 of the Civil Code states that “when the meaning of the law
Read MoreUnderstanding Operations Management: Principles and Practices
Operations Management: An Introduction
What is Operations Management?
Operations Management (OM) involves designing, operating, and controlling a productive system that transforms inputs (physical resources and human talent) into outputs (goods and services). It’s a core area of any organization, focused on developing and managing value-adding processes using various tools, techniques, and methods.
Key concerns include quality, cost, service, and speed. Examples of companies that rely heavily on operations
Read MoreKey Educational Philosophers: Freire, Montessori, Socrates & More
Key Educational Philosophers
Paulo Freire
Brazilian educator who advocated for free education for all. He taught through reading, emphasizing dignified education. His teaching method aimed to teach reading and writing in 45 days. Groups were instructed to read and write, with future monitors training others, dramatically expanding access to literacy. However, a drawback was the difficulty in monitoring all monitors effectively, raising concerns about the consistency and quality of instruction due
Read MoreIndustrialization: Enterprises, States, and Welfare State Origins
Industrialization: Enterprises and States
Industrialization changed the world:
- Prosperous capitalism in EU and USA
- Poverty in the global south
- Subsistence in Asia and Africa
1850-1929: No restrictions on the mobility of people (passports were not needed).
Second Industrial Revolution (SIR)
The SIR was characterized by:
- The new mass production techniques, systematic application of science to the industry, the rise of chemical, steel, railroad, and other new capital-intensive lead industries.
- This was a time