Expository Texts: Humanistic, Scientific, and Informative
Expository Texts
Expository texts are intended to explain or make known to receptors present knowledge in an objective manner. These are texts that convey humanistic studies on individual human beings, and texts that communicate scientific knowledge that has to do with nature. Informative text addresses a subject the issuer believes receivers do not know, exposed with the intention of informing them.
Argumentation
Argumentation is an easy way of trying to convince the receiver of thoughts or beliefs.
Read MoreCatalan Literature: Decline, Renaissance, Baroque & Neoclassicism
XII-XV Century (Decline)
Status: Decline
Movements:
- XVI Renaissance (Peter Serafí)
- XVII Baroque (Chancellor of Valley Stoves)
- XVIII Neoclassicism, Enlightenment (Baron Maldà)
The decline represents a drop in the quality and quantity of works in Catalan. A key event was the death of Martin l’Humà without children, leading to a succession issue between Ferdinand and James d’Urgell of Antequera. Ferdinand d’Antequera was chosen. The presence of poets like Sant Vicens Ferrer led to the Castilianization
Read MoreLiterary Movements: Realism to 21st Century
European Realism
French:
- Stendhal (*The Red and the Black*)
- Balzac (*The Human Comedy*)
- Flaubert (*Madame Bovary*)
English:
- Dickens (*A Christmas Carol*, *Oliver Twist*, *A Tale of Two Cities*)
Spanish Realism
Juan Valera: (*Pepita Jimenez*, *Juanita*)
Clarín:
A Zamora law professor, writer, and regular essayist, he wrote short stories, literary criticism, and novels.
- *The Ruler*: Recreates a plot in Spanish society whose values have degenerated (Vetusta). Themes include adultery, social class criticism,
Brain Anatomy: Neural Pathways and Structures
Sensory Pathways
Pain
- Enkephalin-containing neuron in the periaqueductal gray matter
- Locus coeruleus
- Lateral reticular formation
- Brain stem tegmental noradrenergic cell groups
- Descending norepinephrine pathway
- Corticonuclear fibers
- Descending serotonin pathway
- Spinoreticular pathway
- Posterolateral funiculus
- Anterolateral funiculus
- Enkephalin-containing neurons in the substantia gelatinosa
- Afferent pain neuron of dorsal root ganglion
Taste
Taste
- Ventral posteromedial (VPM) nucleus of thalamus
- Lateral hypothalamic
Understanding Political Power: Sovereignty, Institutions, and Legitimacy
Understanding Political Power
Political power is a form of power whose purpose is characterized and does not depend on individual wishes and desires.
Sovereignty
Sovereignty is the property of state power that makes it independent of other forms of power and superior to them all.
Society and Power Structures
Society is a stable group of people organized under a law or basic constitution and ruled by sovereign power structures.
Institutions and Governance
Institutions or structures are government or sovereign
Read MoreLiterary Techniques and Theories: A Concise Reference
Literary Techniques and Theories
Stream of Consciousness
The stream of consciousness technique is when text shifts from exterior aspects of the plot almost exclusively to the inner world of a character.
Focalization
Focalization refers to the perspective through which a narrative is presented.
Types of Narration
- First Person: In this point of view, a character (typically the protagonist, but not always) is telling the story. You’ll notice a lot of “I” and “me” or “we” in first-person narrations.
- Second
Effective Teaching and Learning Strategies
The Learning System
As a system, the outcome depends on how the parts interact and how well each part acts separately.
Understanding Learning
Learning is an enduring change in behavior or the capacity to behave in a given fashion, resulting from practice or experience.
Common False Assumptions
- Students will automatically practice what they learn in life.
- Students will remember and use information from one class in another.
- Students will transfer principles learned in a classroom to other situations.
The
Read MoreMastering English Grammar: Used To, Pronouns, Gerunds, Conditionals
Mastering Key English Grammar Concepts
Used To: Past Habits and States
The structure ‘used to + verb’ expresses a state, a habit, or an action that was repeated in the past, long ago.
Example: I used to live in Madrid. Now I live in New York.
Relative Pronouns: Connecting Ideas
Uses: Relative pronouns indicate the person, object, or place the idea refers to. They provide essential information without which the sentence would be incomplete.
Examples:
- The girl who won the competition was very happy.
- There’
Key Events: French Revolution to Spanish Restoration
Key Historical Events: French Revolution to Spanish Restoration
Inventors included mechanical planter Mac Cornick, Jethro Tull (inventor of the seed drill), and some years later, the threshing machine. James Watt invented the steam engine, Robert Stephenson the locomotive in 1769, and Robert Fulton the steamboat. Abraham Darby was the first to cast iron with coke, and Henry Cort discovered and developed the processes of puddling and rolling iron.
The Phases of the French Revolution
- The Constituent
Spanish Novel Before 1939: Authors, Themes, and Techniques
The Spanish Novela Before 1939: Introduction: During the first years of the century, authors like Galdós and Blasco Ibáñez successfully published novels. These narrators, in addition to seeking a new aesthetic narrative, used the novel to criticize. They gave more importance to the story in the novel as history; the novel is centered on the protagonist’s inner world, using dialogue and monologue. Unamuno’s use of an intellectual and aesthetic approach contrasts with Baroja’s aesthetics of dynamic
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