Spanish Constitutions: Duration, Key Features (1812-1931)
Duration of the Spanish Constitutions
Constitution of 1812: Three stages. The first: 19-3-1812 to 4-5-1814. Second stage: *Trienio Liberal* (1820-1823). And the third: 1836 to 1837.
- C 1837: 18-6-1837 to 23-5-1845.
- C 1845: 23-5-1845 to 11-8-1854.
- C 1869: 1-6-69 to 11-2-1873 (First Republic).
- C 1876: 30-6-1876 to 14-9-1923.
- C 1931: 9-12-1931 to 1-4-1939.
Head of State in the Constitutions
The King was inviolable and irresponsible in all these constitutions, except in the Constitution of 1931, which was presided
Read MoreSpanish Restoration: Political System and Key Figures
The Regeneracionista era saw the rise of the Fusionist Liberal Party, later known as the Liberal Party, founded in 1880. Its principal leader was Matthew Práxedes Sagasta. The party’s programmatic bases included universal male suffrage, freedom of religion, freedom of the press, and free trade. Electoral manipulation and chieftaincy were crucial to the effectiveness of the agreed-upon turn (turnismo), which was essential for controlling the entire electoral process. First, electoral districts were
Read MoreLesson Plans: Geometry & European Geography
Lesson Plan: Geometric Shapes (2nd Grade)
Level: 2nd Grade Primary
Date: Third and Fourth Weeks of April
Topic: Geometric Shapes
Objectives:
- To understand and use classroom language.
- To understand and use the names of the studied shapes.
- To understand and use the expression “Can you see…?”.
- To present a positive attitude towards the English language and culture.
Students’ Prior Knowledge: In the first course, the students studied the circle, square, and triangle.
What I Plan to Teach (4Cs)
Contents:
Read MoreWorld War I: Causes, Characteristics, and Consequences
1.1 Causes of World War I: There were territorial conflicts between France and Germany over the possession of Alsace and Lorraine, and between Italy and Austria-Hungary over Istria and Trent. Nationalist conflicts existed in the larger empires, where some minorities claimed independence. This was the case in the Balkans, where different national identities were fighting against the oppression of the Austrian and Turkish empires. There were also colonial conflicts between the competing colonizing
Read MoreNotable Literary Figures: Addison, Astell, Behn & More
Joseph Addison (1672-1719)
Joseph Addison was an English essayist, poet, playwright, and politician. He is usually remembered alongside his long-standing friend, Richard Steele, with whom he founded The Spectator magazine. He studied at Oxford. His famous work is Cato, based on the last days of Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis.
Mary Astell (1666-1731)
Mary Astell was an English feminist writer and rhetorician. Born in England, she studied in Cambridge and died in London. Her two most well-known books,
Read MoreOvercoming Development Barriers: Capital, Population, and Institutions
Barriers to Economic Development
Lack of Capital
The availability of factors of production (capital and labor) limits potential economic growth. A country can grow quantitatively by incorporating additional units of production. However, for it to be considered economic development (qualitative), productivity must increase. This is a consequence of rising efficiency in the use of available resources, allowing workers’ incomes and spending power to increase.
The increase in Total Factor Productivity
Read MoreHuman Sexuality: Dimensions, Behaviors, and Development
Dimensions of Sexuality
- Biological: Encompasses the anatomical, physiological, and endocrine aspects that differentiate males and females.
- Psychological: Involves emotions, feelings, beliefs, and values. Personality, thoughts, desires, and identity are also key factors.
- Sociocultural and Ethics: Each society shapes the development and expression of sexuality, setting guidelines and values for these behaviors.
- Clinical: Issues such as anxiety or depression can cause psychological problems that impact
Understanding Anamorphosis, UTM Projection, and Topographic Representation
Anamorphosis: Linear, Angle, and Surface
Linear Anamorphosis: The linear anamorphosis factor is the ratio between a linear element dl on a plane and its corresponding element on the Earth dL. When both elements are equal, the linear anamorphosis modulus will drive the value. Lines with a linear modulus equal to unity are called Automeca.
Angle Anamorphosis: The difference between the angle between two directions on the Earth and the same directions on the plane is the magnitude of shear strain. Projections
Read MoreTsunamis: Formation, Impact, and Safety Measures
The Destructive Power of Tsunamis
In 479 BC, when Persian soldiers besieged the Greek city of Potidaea, the tide retreated much farther than usual, leaving a convenient invasion route.
But this wasn’t a stroke of luck. Before they had crossed halfway, the water returned in a wave higher than anyone had ever seen, drowning the attackers. The Potidaeans believed they had been saved by the wrath of Poseidon…
…but what really saved them was likely the same phenomenon that has destroyed countless others:
Understanding Intermolecular Forces, Unit Cells, and Crystal Defects
Intermolecular Forces in Molecular Crystals
Q: What are the various types of intermolecular forces of attraction that hold molecules of molecular crystals together?
A:
- Weak dipole-dipole interactions in polar molecules such as solid HCl, H2O, SO2, etc., which possess a permanent dipole moment.
- Very weak dispersion or London forces in non-polar molecules such as solid CH4, H2, etc. These forces are also involved in monoatomic solids like argon, neon, etc.
- Intermolecular hydrogen bonds in solids such as