Understanding Argumentation Structure & Types
An argument is a variety of discourse used to defend an opinion and persuade a receiver using evidence and reasoning. It relates to different disciplines:
- Logic: laws of human reasoning
- Dialectic: procedures used to prove or disprove something
- Rhetoric: the use of linguistic resources to persuade and evoke affections, emotions, suggestions
Key Components: Thesis & Body
An argumentative essay has two elements: the thesis and the body argument.
- The thesis is the fundamental idea to reflect upon and
Essential Microbiology & Immunology Terms
Sterilization:
Destroying all microorganisms existing in any substrate.
Chemotherapeutic Agents:
Antimicrobial agents used effectively to combat infectious microbes.
Pasteurization:
Used to eliminate most microorganisms from foods.
Disinfectants:
Kill microorganisms that cause disease but do not necessarily destroy all forms (like spores).
Antiseptics:
Substances used to kill or inhibit the growth of microbes present on skin or wounds.
Selective Toxicity:
Ability to kill or inhibit disease-causing microbes
Read MoreLegal Aspects of Physical Integrity and Deprivation of Liberty
Item 35: Physical and Moral Integrity
It is recognized in Article 15 of the EC, together with the right to life. It is a regional law that protects the inviolability of the person not only against attacks aimed at damaging their body or spirit, but also against all kinds of intervention in such property that lacks the owner’s consent.
Requirements for Intervention Without Consent
- Physical inspection of records: These do not affect physical integrity.
- Body interventions: Removing an internal or external
Essential Economics Definitions
Macro Variables
Macro Variables are the key measures for assessing the overall health of a country’s economy. They represent economic activity and the sums of economic variables.
- GDP
- Labour Market
- Inflation Rate
- Interest Rate
- Government Expenditure
- Exchange Rates
- Balance of Payments
Final Good
A final good is an item bought by its final user during a period of time.
Intermediate Good
An intermediate good is an item produced by one firm, bought by another firm, and used as a component of a final good or service.
Read MoreSpanish Unified Code: Corporate Governance for Listed Firms
Context and Development of the Unified Code
The need for a Unified Code (UC) arose from several developments following the Olivencia Report (1998) and the Aldama Report (2003), as well as related legislative changes. These domestic factors necessitated a new report.
Key international drivers included:
- European Union (EU): Publication of various proposals and recommendations on specific corporate governance issues, such as the remuneration of directors in listed companies.
- Bank for International Settlements
Plato’s Philosophy: Ideas, Soul, and the Just State
Plato’s Core Philosophical Concepts
Disappointment with the political situation in Athens and the death of Socrates marked the beginning of Platonic philosophy. On one hand, contact with the Pythagoreans made Plato aware of the importance of mathematics and familiarized him with the doctrine of the immortality of the soul and reincarnation. On the other hand, his disillusionment with the dictatorship of the Thirty Tyrants, and later the Athenian democracy, led him to propose a model of society where
Read MoreEnglish Verb Tenses, Conditionals, and Reported Speech
English Verb Tenses
Present Tenses
Present Simple
- Affirmative (+): I/you work (trabajo), she/he/it works (trabaja)
- Negative (-): I/you do not work, she/he/it does not work
- Interrogative (?): Do I/you work? Does she/he/it work?
- Usage: Routines, habits, general truths.
- Time Expressions: Always, usually, generally, occasionally, seldom, sometimes, how often?, at night, in the morning.
Present Continuous
- Affirmative (+): I am asking (estoy preguntando), you are asking, she/he/it is asking.
- Usage: Actions happening
19th Century Europe: Restoration, Liberalism & Nationalism
Key 19th Century European Concepts
Restoration
A return to the political system of the Ancien Régime imposed by the victorious European countries after Napoleon’s defeat in 1815. It was led by the Congress of Vienna, and its main principles were absolutism, maintaining a balance of power in Europe, the right to intervene in other countries, and restoring the legitimacy of kings to their thrones.
Holy Alliance
One of the two European alliances formed to enforce the agreements made by the Congress of
Read MoreMechanical Devices: Levers, Gears, Cams & Motion Systems
What Are Mechanical Mechanisms?
A mechanism is simply a device that takes an input motion and force and outputs a different motion and force. The purpose of a mechanism is to make a task easier to perform. The most commonly used mechanisms in mechanical systems include:
- Levers
- Linkages
- Cams
- Gears
- Pulleys
Understanding Levers
It’s important to understand how to calculate mechanical advantage obtained by using levers, the velocity ratio in levers and pulley systems, and the input and output speed when using
Read MoreEnglish Exercise Answers: Reading, Vocabulary, Grammar
Reading Comprehension Answers
Exercise 1
- Many people thought… their popularity was declining.
- Harry Potter helped… make boarding schools popular again.
- Some non-British parents… interest is not as high as in the UK.
- Non-British parents send… [their children] to speak fluent English and have a better chance of being accepted into a top British university.
- According to the writer… these boarding schools have turned out to be so popular.
Exercise 2
- What example does the writer…? A long list of