Human Anatomy and Biological Systems Reference

Posted on May 6, 2026 in Biology

Nervous System (Sis. Nervios)

Nervous System: The bodily system that transmits signals and coordinates actions of the body.
Brain (Cervell): The large organ that controls bodily functions through the release of hormones or activating muscles.
Motor: If a neuron is a motor neuron, it helps to create the ability to move.
Nerve: A cordlike structure that enables the transmission of electric impulses through the nervous system.
Network: A group of connected neurons that process information.
Neuron: A cell that transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling.
Reflex: An involuntary and immediate movement in response to a stimulus.
Sensory: If something is sensory, it has to do with the five senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.
Spinal Cord (Medul·la Espinal): A long bundle of nerve cells that extends downward from the brain.
Vertebrae (Plural): The small bones that together make up the backbone and surround the nerves of the spinal cord.

Endocrine System: The bodily system that uses hormones to regulate the body’s functions.
Adrenaline: A hormone that helps the body react to a sudden threat or stress.
Melatonin: A hormone that controls the day and night cycles of the body.
Adrenal Gland (Glàndula Suprarrenal): A gland above the kidney that produces adrenaline and other hormones.
Gland (Glàndula): A bodily organ that creates a substance and releases it, often into the bloodstream.
Hormone: A chemical released by one part of the body that sends out messages which affect other parts of the body.
Hypothalamus: The part of the brain that connects the nervous system with the endocrine system. It controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, and fatigue.
Pineal Body: A small gland in the center of the brain that produces the melatonin hormone.
Pituitary Gland: A gland in the brain that emits numerous hormones to control body processes such as growth, blood pressure, and sex organ functions.
Secrete: To emit a substance.
Thyroid Gland: A large gland in the neck that controls how the body uses energy and processes proteins.

Urinary System: A part of the body that controls the creation and expulsion of urine.
Bladder (Bufeta): A bodily organ that holds urine before it is expelled from the body.
Cast (Cilindre Urinari): A tiny structure produced by the kidneys and present in urine that contains indicators of urinary health.
Flow (Flux): The smooth movement of something, usually a liquid.
Inferior Mesenteric Artery: The artery that comes off the surface of the abdominal aorta and transfers the blood supply to the intestines.
Inferior Vena Cava: A vein that carries deoxygenated blood to the right part of the heart.
Kidney (Ronyó): One of the two organs that removes waste from the blood and produces urine.
Kidney Stone (Pedra / Càlcul Renal): A hard, crystal-like mineral structure that forms in the kidneys and can be very painful to pass.
Pass: To process something through and out of one’s body.
Ureter: The tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
Urethra: A tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body.
Urine: Liquid waste that the body expels.
Waste (Residu): A substance produced by the body that is not needed and is expelled.