English Grammar and Vocabulary Review: Reported Speech, Verb Tenses, and Modals
Reported Speech, Verb Tenses, and Modals
Verb Tenses
Reported
PRES.S do/does+1ra/ed PAS.S did(2da/ ed)
PAS.S PAS.P had+3ra
PRES.C is/are +ing PAS.C was(I,he,she,it)/were + ing
PAS.C PAS.P.C had+been+ing
FUT will COND. inf +to
Cambios
- -This → That
- -These → Those
- -Here → There
- -Now → Then / At that moment
- -Today → That day
- -Tonight → That night
- -Tomorrow → The following day / The day after
- -Yesterday → The previous day / The day before
- -Next … → The following …
- -Last … → The previous …
- – … ago → … before
- -my → her
- -me → him
- -told me → asked me
- -our → their
- -us → them
Questions in Reported Speech
There are two types of questions in sentences:
- Yes/No Questions: Aux + Subject + verb +? Reported Speech: (X) asked me if + Subject + Verb
Example: “Do you know Peter?” Mary asked me. → Mary asked me if I knew Peter. - Wh- Questions: Wh-word + aux + subject + verb + ? Reported Speech: (X) asked me + wh + Subject + Verb
Example: Where are the keys? My mother asked. → My mother asked me where the keys were.
Introductory Verbs
Affirmative (Yes, …I’ll)
- – Agreed (de acuerdo) + to + infinitive (except to be (agreed that))
- – Admitted + ing
Negative (No, …)
- – Denied + ing
- – Refused (rechazar) + to + infinitive
Advice/Recommendations (should, ‘d better, …)
- – Advised (avisó) + me, her.. + verb + to + infinitive
- – Recommended (recomendó) + that-clause / to + infinitive
Pleading (please, please)
- – Begged (suplicó) + me, her.. + to + infinitive
Apologizing (I’m sorry)
- – Apologized (se disculpó) + (to x) for + ing
He apologized to Peter for shouting.
Suggesting a Plan (Let’s, why don’t, what about, …)
- – Suggested (sugirió) + ing
Promising (I’ll)
- – Promised + to + infinitive
Threatening
- – Threatened + to + infinitive + if + past simple
Accusing
- – Accused + (someone (me, her)) + of + ing
Exclaiming (!)
- – Exclaimed (exclamó) + that + person
- – Remarked (remarcó) + that + person
Reminding (Don’t forget)
- – Reminded + me/her… + to + infinitive
Complaining
- – Complained + that clause / about + ing
Forbidding
- – Forbade (prohibió) + to + infinitive
Offering (would you like me to, shall I, …)
- – Offered (ofrecer) + to + word + rest of the sentence
Vocabulary
Exercise 3 (A-B)
-To seek: search 1 if you finish ..in no time = very quickly
-rush hour: traffic 2 someone…prompt = on time
-call off: cancel 3 if you are fed up.. = don’t want to do it
-put off: postpone 4 despair… = negative
-brief: short 5 this dress really stands out = the dress calls attention…
-cut down on: reduce
-rewarding: helpful
-actually: in fact
-sidetracked: mislead
-on your own: by yourself
Exercise 1 & 2 Vocabulary
-the train…due/delayed by… 1 call off → cancel
-the ceremony sharp/on time. 2 slip up → make a mistake
-there is no deadline… 3 out off → postpone or delay
-they said..brief/drag on.. 5 get by → live with only ..
6 think up → imagine or have..
Exercise 4 Vocabulary
-I was doing my homework..sidetracked..
-Ira and I had a brief conversation..
-We left early… take into account..
-There was a delay..
-If someone tries.. go off
-my mother wants… will power
-For the last hour…go by
-Bill can’t live,,,driven mad..
Modals Exercises
-I mustn’t eat that biscuit..
-Although she bought a ticket, she may not come..
-You needn’t bring anything..
-You should wear a jacket..
-Hurry up! We must leave now
-He may not be in the building..
-That can’t be true..
-Last year, we couldn’t buy a car..
Reported Speech Exercises
-I will return your camera. Helen said
Helen said that she would return my camera.
-When is the train going to arrive?
The passenger wanted to know when the train was going to arrive.
– Don’t come in the house with your muddy shoes.
Mother told us not to go in the house with our muddy shoes.
-My computer hasn’t been working all week.
The secretary complained that her computer hadn’t been working all week.
-Let’s have a party.
My friends suggested having a party.
-Does the coach want the team to train on Mondays?
The captain asked if the coach wanted the team to train on Mondays.
Introductory Verb Exercises
-I didn’t steal the money. He denied stealing the money.
-Please give me some. Sue begged him to give her some money.
-I cheated in the exam. He admitted cheating in the exam the week before.
-Shall I call her? He offered to call her.
-I didn’t come to work. She explained that she hadn’t gone to work because she had been sick.
-Let’s order a taxi instead. My grandmother suggested ordering a taxi.
-I’m sorry I spoke to you like that. He apologized to his mother for speaking to her like that.
-Don’t swim in the sea. She warned Jane not to swim in the sea that day because there were jellyfish.
-I didn’t go on holiday. Paul refused to go on holiday.
-How often did you miss work? I asked her how often she had missed work the month before.
-Why is Lydia crying? I asked why Lydia was crying.
-Did John understand it? I asked John if he had understood it.
Rewrite with Given Words
-Nobody likes my new dress. Cathy complained that nobody liked her new dress.
-Why did I fall in love with Ben? I wondered why I had fallen in love with Ben.
-Apologize to your sister. My father ordered me to apologize to my sister.
-Take out the ingredients for the cake. The chef instructed me to take out the ingredients for the cake.
-We have gone to war. The president informed the citizens that they had gone to war.
-You mustn’t drive through that street. The police officer warned me not to drive through that street.
-You will get a special birthday present. My parents promised me that I would get a special birthday present.
Modals (x)
-Pam is crying. She MUST HAVE (heard) some bad news.
-It MAY RAIN today.
-Why did Julia throw away that cake? She COULD HAVE (eaten) it.
-I COULD HAVE (taken) the car, but I decided to walk.
-We understand. You DON’T HAVE TO EXPLAIN.
-The party was great. You SHOULD HAVE LEFT (later).
-She looks really happy. She MUST HAVE PASSED (her exam).
-It was a mistake. We SHOULD HAVE TOLD Mary what had happened.
Rewrite with Modals
-There is no need to make reservations. There’s no need to make reservations.
-I’m sure he forgot about our meeting. He must have forgotten about our meeting.
-There’s a possibility of rain tonight. It may rain tonight.
-Brian knows how to perform amazing magic tricks. Brian can perform amazing magic tricks.
-It’s necessary that everyone participates. Everyone must participate.
-Is it possible to use your phone? May I use your phone?
-There’s a possibility that my cousin will go to visit me next Sunday. My cousin may go to visit me next Sunday.
-Walking on the grass is prohibited. You mustn’t walk on the grass.
-You have only spent an hour on this project. You can’t have done a good job in only an hour.
-It was a mistake not to tell Mary what had happened. We should have told Mary what had happened.
Complete with the Correct Modal
-You MUSTN’T drive over the speed limit.
-MAY I please use the car today?
-We’re stuck in traffic, so we MAY be late.
-There’s very little petrol left. We MUST fill up the tank.
-We COULDNT hear the announcement.
-You SHOULDNT worry.
Complete the Mini Dialogue
– Did Matt leave already? He MUST HAVE LEFT.
-I brought you some flowers. Oh, you NEEDNT HAVE MADE the effort.
-Bob called and said he had missed the train. He SHOULD HAVE GOTTEN up earlier.
-Amy knows French so well. She COULD HAVE ASKED for directions in French.