World War I and the Treaty of Versailles
By what treaty did Russia withdraw from WWI and what were the results?
a. The Treaty of Brest Litovsk
b. Bolshevik Russia gave the Baltic States to Germany
c. Russia gave its province of Kars Oblast in the south Caucasus to the Ottoman Empire.
d. Recognized the independence of Ukraine.
e. Russia agreed to pay six billion German gold mark in reparation
Who was the Senate chairman of the Foreign relations committee who opposed the Treaty of Versailles?
Henry Cabot Lodge
What famous telegram is going to infuriate U.S. public opinion against Germany and why?
a. The British intercepted the ZIMMERMANN TELEGRAM proposing a defensive alliance between Germany and Mexico. If the U.S. and Germany went to war and Mexico attacked the U.S., Mexico was to receive the territories she had lost in the Mexican War. When released, this outraged the American public, especially in Texas and the Southwest. Germany’s announcement of unrestricted submarine warfare angered Wilson.
Lusitania (Significance)
Significance: Raised public support for the war and forced President Wilson to call for a larger standing army which would be put to use 2 years later after the interception of the Zimmermann Telegram. Also shows US’s preference of the Allies over Germany during the early part of the war
new weapons introduced in WWI
a. Machine guns, high velocity rifles, aerial bombing, posion gas, flame thowers, land mines, long range artillery, armored tanks, trench warfare, airplanes, submarines, tanks
10.
Who was the famous French hero who led the defense of Verdon?
MARSHALL HENRI PETAIN
11.
Who were the Big Four at the end of the war and at the Versailles conference?
a.The United States, led by Woodrow Wilson
b.England, led by David Lloyd George
c.France, led by Georges Clemenceau
d.And Italy led by Vittorio Emanuele Orlando
12.
Who was our minister to Spain prior to Spanish American War?
Woodford
13.
What happened to the Battleship Maine and what was its significance? Why did it blow up?
a. exploded by accident
led to the declaration of war between Spanish and Americans during the Spanish and American War
14.
What was the Ballinger-Pinchot controversy and significance?
see notes
forrest stuff in alaska
15.
What was the significance of the Filipino Rebellion? Who led it? Why did it end?
b.McKinley did not want to give the Philippines independence with annexation, he insisted that the US be forceful when building this nation.
c.Showed that the Philippines did not want to be annexed by the US-The Filipinos would not get citizenship.
d.Led by Emilio Aguinaldo
e.Conflict is ended by 2 events.
i.capture of Emilio Aguinaldo (1901)
ii.McKinley sends a commission headed by WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT to form a government. Taft appointed Governor – very popular. Taft loved the Filipinos and they loved him,
16.
Why did Columbia reject the Panama Canal Treaty?
the US was not paying the columbian govt enough money
17.
How much progressive legislation passed during Taft’s administration?
a.Mann-Elkin’s Act
b.17th amendment
c.Department of Labor
d.Postal Saving’s Bank
e.Federal Children’s Bureau
18.
What were the Insular Cases?
Supreme Court decision that Puerto Ricans and Filipinos were subject to American rules, but not American rights.
19.
Downes vs. Bidwell (1901)
confirmed the right of the federal government to place tariffs on goods entering the US from US territories (PHILIPPINES) on the grounds that “the Constitution does not follow the flag”
20.
What was the Jones Act of 1917?
a.Puerto Ricans are made citizens of the U.S.
b.Executive council becomes an elected Senate.
c. The government was still appointed.
21.
Hay-Paunceforte Treaty
a treaty signed by the United States and the United Kingdom as a preliminary to the creation of the Panama Canal. The Treaty nullified the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 and gave the United States the right to create and control a canal
22.
Who was Walter Reed, George W. Goethals, and William C. Gorgas?
a.WALTER REED and WILLIAM C. GORGAS proved that YELLOW FEVER was carried by mosquitoes – two other doctors volunteered to prove this and died as a result.
b.Colonel GEORGE W. GOETHALS directed construction of panama canal
23.
What was the significance of the de Lome letter?
b. De LOME LETTER – Spanish minister DUPUY De LOME criticized McKinley, Hearst prints this in the New York Journal (Feb.)
c.Even though Americans did not like McKinley they did not like other countries criticizing him so this made americans support McKinley and the war with Cuba
24.
What was the problem Roosevelt confronted in the Caribbean?
b.ROOSEVELT’S BIG STICK DIPLOMACY IN CARIBBEAN
c.a. Roosevelt has two goals.
d.(1) Construct a canal across the Isthmus of Panama.
e.(2) Keep European powers from interfering in domestic affairs of Latin American countries.
25.
What was the results of the Venezuela Border Boundary dispute?
Venezuela and BRITISH GUIANAhad been feuding over their boundary. Gold was discovered in the disputed region. U.S. offered to arbitrate the dispute, Britain refused. Cleveland and Olney issued a threat to forcefully settle the dispute (we had population of 70 million). Britain involved in the Boer War accepted (also Canada would be vulnerable, Britain afraid of Germany etc…) – result of arbitration was British received most of the territory 1899
26.
What were the major blunders that Taft made with the Progressives?
a.PAYNE-ALDRICH TARIFF
b.UNCLE JOE” CANNON AFFAIR
c.TheBALLINGER-PINCHOT CONTROVERSY
27.
What was the Open Door Policy? Who was its author? Significance?
Secretary of State JOHN HAY in fall of 1899 sets forth the “OPEN DOOR” POLICY. Hays send identical notes to each power asking each nation to promise 3 things:(1) To respect within its sphere of influence the trading privileges and vested interest of other nations.(2) Allow the Chinese tariff to continue to be collected by Chinese officials within all spheres of influence.(3) Make no discrimination in charging port dues and railroad rates.b. Nations wouldn’t reply – they intended to grab their portions but didn’t want to admit it – Hay then boldly announces that they had all agreed – succeeded because of fear of major war.
28.
What was the Boxer Rebellion? Results?
b.Chinese resent European greed and a patriotic society called the BOXERS stirred up hatred against “FOREIGN DEVILS”.
b. 1900 full scale rebellion breaks out – Boxers joined by some government troops attack and massacre Europeans including missionaries.
c. Europeans in Peking take refuge in the British legation – they are relieved by an International expedition made up of the leading nations and including U.S. troops.
d. Rebellion ruthlessly put down.
29.
What was the Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe Doctrine and why?
The principle was that since the Monroe Doctrine prohibited intervention in the region by Europe, the US was justified in intervening first to forestall involvement by outsiders
30.
What new territories did the U.S receive after the Spanish-American War?
Guam, the Philippines and, puerto rico
31.
What was the Anti-Imperialist League?
Anti-Imperialist didn’t want expansion overseas (Phillipines); believed U.S. shouldn’t deny others the right to govern themseles
32.
What were the results of Teddy’s intervention in the Russo-Japanese War?
Treaty of Portsmouth- the concessions all went to the Japanese, Russia acknowledged Japan’s “predominant political, military and economic interests in Korea” , and both powers agreed to evacuate Manchuria
33.
Battle of Jutland
Naval battle between british and the Germans, British victory as a result British will implement a naval blockade against Germany. Germans initiate submarine warfare because of blockade
34.
Who was the Mad Monk of Russia?
Rasputin
35.
Who was V. I. Lenin?
Germans sent V.I. LENIN into Russia during the reign of the Provisionalgovt from his exile in Switzerland. Led by Lenin, the BOLSHEVIKS promising PEACE, LAND, AND BREAD deposed the pro-Allied revolutionary government in October 1917
36.
Who was leader of the Provisional Government in Russia after the fall of the Czar?
Kerenski
-a.PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT was set up by ALEXANDER KERENSKI and promised a democratic government. It also pledged to carry on the war. This was a mistake, the people of Russia were exhausted and wanted peace
37.
What was the significance of the Panamanian Revolution, who led it and how did the U.S. insure it would be successful?
a.Hoped to connect the atlantic and pacific oceans with a waterway across the isthmus of panama. Lead by officials of the panama railroad-held by the French-owned new panama canal company and leaders of the oligarachy. We sent American warships to intimidate
38.
****Who were the great empires before WWI and the ruling families that led them.
a.Francis Joseph-Hapsburg-Emperor- Austro-Hungarian empire
b.George V – House of Windsor-King-British Empire
c.Wilhelm II- Hohenzollern-Kaiser-German Empire
d.Nicholas II-Roman- Czar-Russian-Empire
e.France was a republic
39.
What a caused the U.S. to break diplomatic relations with Germany prior to declaring war in WWI?
-Germany engaging in unrestricted submarine warfare on allied shipping
40.
What happened in the Chilean crises of 1891?
a.Us minister Patrick egan chose side-lost
b.Meantime, us detained a Chilean ship in san diego
c.Two us sailors from a warship which was visiting chile,were killed in a drunk brawl in the true blue saloon while on leave in a Chilean port-war was averted only by a formal apology by chile. Hurt latin American relations us
41.
First time gas was used, tanks are used?
April 22, 1915 BATTLE OF YPRES Germans introduces gas warfare
42.
major battles and leaders of them in WWI.
see notes
43.
What was the chronology of the countries declaring War in WWI?
a.Austria v Serbia
b.Germany v Russia
c.Germany v France
d.GB v Germany
e. Italy enters as allies
f.Rumanie enters as allies
g.Turkey joines central powers
44.
What country blocked supplies getting to Russia by the Baltic sea, by the Black Sea?
Great Britain
45.
What were the Triple Entente called after the war begins?
the Allies
46.
What were the triple alliance called after the war begins?
central powers
47.
What was the Zimmerman Telegram? Significance?
b.The british intercepted an important message from the German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermna, to the Mexican govt. The note urged the Mexicans to invade the US. In exchange for their making war on America, Germany guaranteed that Mexico would recover its “lost territory in TX, New Mexico and Arizona”. The news of the Zimmerman telegraph broke in US and pissed Americans off.
48.
What were the 14 points?
c.1. Open treaties;
d.2. Freedom of navigation on the seas;
e.3. Equal trade conditions among nations;
f.4. Reduction in armaments leading to eventual abolition;
g.5. Impartial adjustment of all colonial claims;
h.6. Guarantees for Russian sovereignty;
i.7. Restoration of Belgium;
j.8. Return of Alsace-Lorraine to France;
k.9. Readjustment of Italian frontiers;
l.10. Assurance for the autonomy of the nationalities of Austria-Hungary;
m.11. A division by nationality of the Balkans into new states;
n.12. A guarantee for the autonomy of the nationalities under Turkish rule;
o.13. An independent Poland; and
p.14. An association of nations to guarantee the peace.
49.
What was the significance of Wilson’s 14 points?
b.When the Russian Communists captured Moscow, they released the text of SECRET ALLIED TREATIES. These revealed post war territorial settlements to be made with an Allied victory. The American public, believing that the United States was at war to save the world for Democracy, was shocked and outraged. In response, Wilson outlined American war aims in a speech before Congress. The Fourteen points called for “open agreements openly arrived at”, “freedom of the seas in war as in peacetime”…
50.
What was the armistice ending WWI supposed to be based upon?
peace
51.
Why did the Treaty of Versailles fail to pass the U.S. Senate?
-they did not want to be pulled back into european affair and possibly another war
-against league of nations/ wanted to be neutral again
-Wilson not willing to compromise further
52.
What factions were for the Treaty of Versailles?
Henry Cabot Lodge and THE RESERVATIONISTS wanted to Republicanize it for political reasons
53.
Who were irreconcilables?
THE IRRECONCILABLES, led by Senator WILLIAM BORAH, wanted no part of the League of Nations or WWI, wanted to stay neutral
54.
What was the flu epidemic? Results?
-b.“Spanish Flu” although origins were probably in a US army camp in Kansas
c.Contagion spread around world during WWI
d.Transformed modern medicine
e.Woodrow Wilson himself caught it
f.Many soldiers died because of flu
g.Ended suddenly
h.No plague, war, famine or natural disaster in history killed so many people in such short time
55.
What was the Red Scare? Results?
a postwar Red Scare against Communists
iii.Federal govt agencies organized witch hunts for anarchists and communists in the US
iv.Violation of civil liberties
v.Arresting and deporting supposed “communists”
vi.Eventually the craze evaportaed
56.
IMPERIALISM
a. the policy of extending rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, and or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies.
57.
TREATY WITH CHINA
a. peace and trade with china
58.
FRIENDSHIP TREATY WITH JAPAN
1854 FRIENDSHIP TREATY WITH JAPAN by COMMODORE MATTHEW PERRY broke isolationism of Japan
59.
COMMODORE MATTHEW PERRY
Wrote Friendship Treaty with Japan 1854
60.
PURCHASE OF ALASKA
bought it from Russia for 7 million dollars – paid for itself 50 times over in gold alone
61.
MIDWAY ISLANDS
a.Also purchased with the purchase of Alaska
62.
WILLIAM H. SEWARD
negotiated the purchase of alaska
63.
SANTO DOMINGO and VIRGIN ISLANDS
1890’s Jingoism – failed to get SANTO DOMINGO and VIRGIN ISLANDS
64.
JINGOISM
Jingoism is extreme dedication to country. American Jingoist pressured President McKinley to go to war with Spanish and to help Cuba
65.
ACQUISITION OF SAMOA
1899 U.S. and Germany divide up the islands.
66.
HAWAII
Whalers and decedents of Missionaries settled and started a sugar industry.
67.
RECIPROCITY TREATY
1884 U.S. got rights to a naval base at PEARL HARBOR
68.
McKINLEY TARIFF
hurt the American sugar growers by putting a 2 cent per pound bounty on their sugar since Hawaii was then a foreign country.
69.
QUEEN LILIUOKOLANI
resticted US growers in Hawaii
70.
JOHN L. STEVENS
a.An American instigated revolt broke out against QUEEN L and the U.S. Minister to Hawaii JOHN L. STEVENS, assured its success by ordering U.S. Marines to take over to “Restore order”
71.
LATIN AMERICA POLICY
b.MONROE DOCTRINE:
c.BUSINESS EXPANSIONISTS:
72.
MONROE DOCTRINE
a.U.S. pledged to ward off all European encroachment in the American hemisphere.
73.
NAPOLEON III
a.had set up Hapsburg MAXIMILLIAN as EMPEROR IN MEXICO
74.
EMPEROR IN MEXICO MAXIMILLIAN
after the Civil War U.S. sent troops to the border and Seward threatened the French. They withdrew 1867 and Maximillian was killed by the Mexican people.
75.
JAMES G. BLAINE
Sec. of State twice –under Garfield – and Harrison
76.
BOUNDARY DISPUTES
between 1876-81 the U.S. tried to mediate several boundary disputes between Latin American nations, including Chile, Argentina, Mexico, Guatemala, Bolivia and Peru – had a paternal attitude.
77.
PAN AMERICAN CONGRESS
1889 first of a series of conferences between U.S. and Latin American countries – formed PAN-AMERICAN UNION
78.
PAN-AMERICAN UNION
an information Bureau
79.
PATRICK EGAN
US Minister during Revolution in Chile (1891)
-chose sides – chose losing side – feeling toward U.S. ran strong
80.
TRUE BLUE SALOON
Two U.S. sailors from a U.S. warship which was visiting Chile, were killed in a drunken brawl in the TRUE BLUE SALOON while on leave in a Chilean port – war was averted only by a formal apology by Chile. Hurt Latin American relations.
81.
TREATY OF WASHINGTON
settled long standing disagreements with GB
82.
BERING SEA SEAL CONTROVERSY
1886) Problem arose over Canadian poachers. The U.S. declared the Bering Sea a closed sea – said Canadians were wiping out the seals – almost led to war with Great Britain.
83.
VENEZUELA BOUNDARY DISPUTE
1885) Venezuela and BRITISH GUIANAhad been feuding over their boundary. Gold was discovered in the disputed region. U.S. offered to arbitrate the dispute, Britain refused. Cleveland and Olney issued a threat to forcefully settle the dispute (we had population of 70 million). Britain involved in the Boer War accepted (also Canada would be vulnerable, Britain afraid of Germany etc…) – result of arbitration was British received most of the territory 1899.
84.
WHITE MAN’S BURDEN
the idea that the Nordic or Anglo-Saxon man was superior to the dark skinned peoples of the earth and it was his destiny to rule and guide them. BROOKS ADAMS view – civilizations rise and decline
85.
ADMIRAL ALFRED T. MAHAN
wrote THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER UPON HISTORY 1890 (lecturer at Naval War College at Newport, R.I.)
-argued that all the great powers in history had been nations with great navies. The U.S. should then build her navy:
86.
WILSON GORMAN TARIFF
1894 imposed a high tariff on Cuban sugar this in turn causes a depression in Cuba.
87.
GENERAL “BUTCHER” WEYLER
uses the “concentration method” against a cuban revolt
88.
POPULISTS
A party formed by independent farmers who were discontent about the dropping prices of their goods
89.
PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT
With the decline of the POPULISTS (who had been basically rooted in the agrarian Midwest), the reform movement moved to the urban centers.
-Its leaders came primarily from the rising urban middle class, who were, in the main, college-educated, self-employed professional men or small businessmen. Their main contention was that: (a) The Eastern bankers and financiers were in collusion with the corporations.
90.
PROBLEMS. The Progressives attacked a number of evils in the American system.
big business, child labor, unequal wealth, industrial accidents, low wages for women
91.
SOLUTIONS. The Progressives were responsible for the following:
. LEGISLATION. In the first two decades of the 20th century, many new laws were passed to help ease the burdens of the working class. Some included:
a. MINIMUM-WAGE LAWS FOR WOMEN;
b. CHILD LABOR LAWS;
c. SAFETY REGULATIONS and ACCIDENT INSURANCE; and
d.CITY AND STATE REFORM. Instead of just constantly agitating for reform at the national level, many progressives saw that much could be done on the local and state level. The following reforms were accomplished:
92.
CITY COMMISSIONER PLAN
This was a group of elected officials who ran the city jointly; each was responsible for a specific function of administration (e.g., Police Commissioner).
93.
CITY MANAGER PLAN
Here, the city commissioners hired a nonpolitical specialist in city government (the Manager) to run the city’s affairs. These changes took place all over the country, and better city government resulted. Some “model” cities with clean, efficient governments were CLEVELAND and MILWAUKEE.
94.
ROBERT LAFOLLETE
Of all the political reformers, ROBERT LAFOLLETE of Wisconsin was the most effective, turning his state into a laboratory for progressive innovations
95.
DIRECT DEMOCRACY
To make government more responsive to the will of the people
96.
INITIATIVE
allowed the voters to propose measures they wanted to become law
97.
REFERENDUM
which allowed the voters to make the final decisions on laws already passed by the legislature;
98.
RECALL
allowed the public to remove from office an official who was not performing his duties satisfactorily;
99.
DIRECT PRIMARY
allowed voters to propose candidates for office, rather than having them picked by the party organization; and
100.
DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS
instead of having the Senators chosen by the legislatures. The direct election of Senators started in the individual states and became part of the Federal Constitution by the adoption of the SEVENTEENTH AMENDMENT in 1913.
101.
19TH AMENDMENT
womens suffrage
102.
18TH AMENDMENT
PROHIBITION
103.
WEBB-KENYON ACT
aided their cause by prohibiting the interstate shipment of liquor in violation of state laws
104.
THE MUCKRACKERS
These members of the progressive movement were very important in stirring up public resentment against the existing evils of the time. They were given their name by THEODORE ROOSEVELT who compared them to the character in PILGRIM’S PROGRESS who was so busy digging in the muck that he did not have the time to look up to heaven. The name stuck and became a badge of honor.
105.
HENRY DEMAREST LLOYD.
His WEALTH AGAINST COMMONWEALTH which appeared before the muckraking period was at its height (1900-1914), served as a prototype. It was a bitter attack against the Standard Oil Trust.
106.
LINCOLN STEFFENS
The greatest of all the muckrakers, he cataloged political corruption in THE SHAME OF THE CITIES and THE SHAME OF THE STATES, and in his Autobiography he expressed the thesis that it was the amorality of rampant materialism that brought about this corruption.
107.
DAVID G. PHILLIPS
his THE TREASON OF THE SENATE showed how that august body was a “millionaires’ club” comprised of big businessmen or their paid hirelings.
108.
GUSTAVUS MYERS
History of the Great American Fortunes cataloged the corrupt and exploitive actions of the leading industrialists and financiers.
109.
UPTON SINCLAIR
used the vehicle of the novel to reveal the plight of the workingman in the coal, oil, meat-packing, and other industries. His most famous and influential work, of course, was THE JUNGLE.
110.
Black Han
terrorist group
-goal was to commit acts of terror against Bosnia
111.
what starts WWI?
-Gavrilo Princip (serbian nationalist) assassinates Archduke Ferdinand in Sarajevo Bosnia
-serbs and other ethnic groups oppose current empire