World Heritage Cities and Cultural Preservation
ORGANIZATION OF WORLD HERITAGE CITIES (CSO)
The foundation took place in the city of Fez on September 8, 1993. Surge of UNESCO.
The objectives and functions of the CSO are to contribute to the implementation and development of the principles of the World Heritage
Convention in Paris in 1972, of the Charter of Toledo / Washington on the Conservation of Historic Towns, promote cooperation and exchange of information between the historic cities of the world, get pricing strategies and conservation of historic areas as developed a Management Guide Heritage Cities Mundia l, and distributes a newsletter, News from the OCP M. Another important objective has been to recapture the spirit of the Roerich Pact, try to get World Heritage cities are not considered as military targets in the event of armed conflict. Since its foundation meets every three years in different cities declared, meetings that continue the trend of International Symposium of World Heritage Cities and result in documents such as the “Protocol of Bergen on the communication and exchange between the cities of the CSO “1995, one of the most significant texts in coordinating between the different objectives CSO, UNESCO, the Council of Europe, ICCROM, ICOMOS and other institutions.
SPANISH OR NATIONAL HISTORIC HERITAGE:
formed by that group of assets owned by the state concerned to the use and service of King and Royal family members for the exercise of the high representation that the Constitution and laws attribute called: National Heritage. It is governed by a special legal regime. The kings of the House of Habsburg and Bourbon enjoyed many goods that never failed to enhance and protect. This rich heritage is one that will shape the state, reducing the property of the Crown as the more or less extreme of the current Constitution, to those necessary to maintain the decorum of the royal family. Despite the vicissitudes of history have remained close together and controlled by different organisms to be declared National Heritage in 1942.
DEFINITION OF MONUMENTS, ENSEMBLES AND SITES:
The Cultural Heritage comprises three categories:
monument s, groups of buildings and places. It specifies that sets buildings include rural and urban areas which in turn can be archaeological sites, historic villages inhabited or built new towns in the twentieth century. In the case of historic cities, the Real World Heritage Site considered may include the entire urban area and part of its surroundings or can be limited to a restricted area. The city of Cordoba can be an example of this situation. With regard to this category of Luga r, the Committee has accepted the concept of cultural landscape is defined as a combination of natural and human works, this group sets different classes: the landscape design or the result of deliberate creation, the landscape arisen from evolution and that his interest stems from their association with some cultural events such as battlefields or sacred sites without buildings.
The Venice Charter progress on the Charter of Athens
The Venice Charter emerged from the final conclusions of the II International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments and approved in 1965. As basic ideas, five aspects should be highlighted: “Expanding the notion of historical monument” monumental environment “includes not only words but also the monument to the urban environment and landscape, must be special care to safeguard their integrity and ensure sanitation, use and evaluation, this is the great contribution of the Venice Charter.”I respect both of the instance of the aesthetic and historical values above all the authenticity and respect for the old and genuine parts. “Modern techniques to build a building, but only if traditional techniques are not used, as to the additions indicated to be respected and that can be eliminated only when they offer little interest. In the case of be necessary to add an item, this must be distinguished from architectural and must bear the stamp of our age. “It requires that any work of conservation, restoration and excavation is carefully documented reports, drawings and photographs. -Excavations: excavation work must be conducted in accordance with scientific standards and international principles adopted by UNESCO in 1956 with regard to archaeological excavations, the use of the ruins and the necessary measures for the conservation and permanent protection of the architectural elements and objects must be respected. Must be excluded a priori any reconstruction work, being only admitted the anastylosis.
UNESCO’s partner agencies in the UN to address breast and culture education and science is the UNESCO in 1946 with headquarters in Paris. UNESCO performs five principal functions: Studies ie, forms of education, science, culture and communication for tomorrow’s world. The advancement, transfer and exchange of knowledge based primarily on research, training and education. Regulatory activity through the preparation and adoption of international instruments and statutory recommendations. Expertise, which are transmitted through technical cooperation to Member States to develop their projects and policies. Exchange of specialized information.
The range of issues falling within its area of activity makes you believe various specialized institutes such as ICOMOS founded in Venice in 1964, responsible for the policies of conservation of monuments, ensembles and historic sites is based in Paris.
ICOM is the successor to the International Office of Museums and its function is the promotion and development of museums ICCROM in principle committed to the preservation and restoration of museum objects, then assume the responsibility of the restoration of all cultural property
CSO
Organization of World Heritage Cities, was created to foster collaboration and help the management of cities that earn the distinction of World Heritage Site, established in the 1972 Paris Convention
World War II and restore critical The magnitude of the disastrous consequences that the World War II in Europe was not feasible the application of the principles of “scientific restoration.” Most of the cities were virtually annihilated. The reconstruction was as necessary as difficult and slow, especially in certain areas where the cities were razed in which had to address a comprehensive reconstruction, as was the case in Warsaw. In Germany it was rebuilt according to architectural and urban patterns of the modern movement, but in the cities behind the Iron Curtain, tried to rebuild their old town centers, such as Dresden. In England more than the reconstruction, which was the added incentive of historic buildings through planning laws requiring a comprehensive inventory with a view to a policy of protection.In Italy the reconstruction process was accompanied by a methodological discussion on the restoration of monuments, depending on the severity of the damage, the Italians chose different means of restoration, when they were not very large was decided to reconstruct the monument, also came anastylosis to practice, but in general if the destruction was complete, reconstruction plans were scrapped. In this context arises postwar reconstruction “restoring critical”, the new method will be spearheaded by Roberto Pane and Renato Bonelli, from 1944 Roberto Pane made a series of articles on the theory of critical restoration and Bonelli cast their ideas in a number of principles: The first involves a direct confrontation scientific and philosophical method, since we can not escape the critical process of restoring when, in order to increase the actual value of the monument. The second argues that the true value of the monument lies in its artistic reality, not just in his documentary, the work of art, the monument, is history and chronic and is not primarily a work of art. Can be canceled even if they have testimonial value added. Rejects the stylistic reconstruction in full confrontation with Violet le Duc. To get the true picture can complete the missing parts, although the restorative intervention requires a critical to recognize the values that give the monument of artistic quality, ultimately, restore is a dialectic between “critical process” and “process creative “
Italian Charter Restauro 72 Somehow, the Charter of the Restoration in 1972, is an update of principles released by the Venice Charter, consists of 12 articles and assimilates the “critical restoration,” featuring the novelty of applying operations conservation and restoration to all works of art from all periods within a much broader conception, ranging from the architectural monuments of painting and sculpture, even bits, and from the Palaeolithic to find popular and figurative expressions contemporary art, including monumental architectural values, historic or environmental issues, specifically the historical centers, as well as garden furniture, collections, parks and gardens. In this Letter of restoration clearly distinguishes between “safeguarding” “any conservative measure that does not involve direct intervention in the work” amounts to a preventive conservation and the “restoration” itself and that is a direct intervention, on the other hand, tries to balance the body aesthetic and historical instance. It has four annexes with dedicated instructions for the protection and restoration of antiquities, and execution of architectural restoration, restoration of paintings and sculptures and protection of historic centers. Another Letter from the Italian restoration widely in Europe was the “Charter for Conservation and Restoration works of art and culture” in 1987, the wording should be the architect Paolo Marconi and tries to update some aspects of Letter from the Restoration of 1972, qualifying prohibitions, emphasizing preventive conservation and clearly distinguishing the safeguarding, restoration and maintenance. Broad scope of assistance to natural environments and includes the recovery of crafts, the use of traditional techniques and materials against the moderns.
Variety of Goods LPHE 85 The concept of Heritage LPHE collected in 1985 is broad and generic, which is why the same categories of goods LPHE set in relation to their characteristics: historical monument, historical gardens, historical, archaeological, Historic Site.
F. PLANNING
IDEAS ON DESTRUCTION CHUECA
In 1977 Fernando Chueca Goitia, architect and restorer, theorist and historian of architecture, published a book The Spanish destruction of urban heritage. This study was a result of his observation to the destruction of the Spanish cities. He spoke of the problem of historical cities from the sixties and the need for planning regulations in order to preserve the heritage. His vision is realistic. The last part of this book was dedicated to a Diagnosis of the destruction of our provincial capitals. Teruel. Gone was the old seminary, stood the Cathedral and the towers thereof. The State made a restoration of the city afond first lost and then regained. Some of his best official buildings to prove it. But past the fever of those years rebuilders, Teruel was once again abandoned and now produces an effect rather sad and melancholic. Its urban structure and its houses have been preserved in general. Hopefully better times that will drive your current Teruel prostration. Soria had its greatest splendor during the Middle Ages. Mixing an urban environment and modest but evocative emotional landscape framework. Then came the catastrophe planning. Even the landscape has been respected. Gomara Palace is a prisoner between skyscrapers cheap. The saddest thing is that Soria could have been preserved very well, because it is a small town and no growth problems. Just monuments have been saved. Malaga The great Andalusian port city and the Mediterranean. It became increasingly open-sea and in the eighteenth century was a beautiful group chaired by the Alameda and the park. The center became an excellent model of bourgeois city. The great development of Málaga made would trigger land speculation. The architecture of the nineteenth century was replaced by the architecture of consumption. From the decade of the eighties and nineties in Spain was a series of events that led to new legislation restorative, while a social awareness of the problems of architectural heritage and the city.
MASS TOURISM
AND IMPACT ON TAP. HISTORIC
The beginning of the Spanish Civil War resulted in the cessation of tourism. During this time the Heritage suffered heavy losses. For the development of tourism is set to the Directorate General of Tourism.
The general director Luis Antonio Bolin made a successful propaganda to boost foreign journalists travel to the mainland or opening information offices abroad. Highlighting the historical, artistic, and religious or folkloric, referred to favorable prices for tourists. Foreign visitors increased by choosing the monumental cities also cosmopolitan cities. At the same time begins to surge to the coast destination, the Levante and Andalusia. It promotes the sun and the pleasant character of its people. 1950 Spain is in fourth place among the countries chosen by American tourists. From the fifties he forgot the principle of mutual understanding and only thought about economic development. Period 1950-1970 is encouraged “sun and beach” has a negative impact for the rich heritage. Since the last decades of the last century has sought to restore beneficial relationship promoting quality destinations through Cultural Tourism. Mass tourism has been harmful to the coastal cities, the landscape and environment, was not taken into account planning, the building was increased, the land is revalued, it was built without measure …, the coast and its cities were transformed.The monumental cities suffered the effect of industrial development. Heritage Impairment is the impossibility of effective protection both have an outdated Heritage Act for missing knowledge and appreciation of our rich heritage. Tourism played a major role in the development of the sixties, and prompted the country’s economy managed to be in the advanced countries group. He let interesting contributions in the field of housing, such as Network and Hostels Paradores de Turismo