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 ENGLISH PARLIAMENTARISM: was the most progressive system of the 16th century. Important because of its influence of the enlightened political ideas. Its roots could be raced back to the Anglo-Saxon `Witenagamot´and the adeversory council of the Norman Kings, the ´Curia Regis´. That Curia evolved to become the Engl. Parliam. where the domiant groups, Aristocracy and Clergy, intervened beside the King in the government of the nation. The first key point in the evolution was the pass of the ´Magna Carta Libertatum´in 2215 by John of England. It seriously limited the power of the English kings avoiding the excercise of an absolute rule. The balance of power between the king and the Parliament changed throughout the next centuries until it came to a second breaking point in 17th century and the English Civil War(1642-1651)confronted Parliamentarians and Royalists. THE CIVIL WAR AND OLIVER CROMWELL:Throughout the 17th century an important English bourgeoisie and a far more dynamic aristocracy than anywhere in the continent, had consolidated thanks to the trade.The attempts to establish the absolute power of the king and this limit the influence of the parliament led to that civil war. The conflict ended with the execution of king Charles I and the establishment of a parliamentary republic:The Commonwealth(1649-1651)and a few years later a military dictatorship under the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell(1653-1659).THE RESTORATION: in 1660 parliament offered to restore the monarchy to Charles would agree to concessions for religious toleration and a general amnesty.Charles was not as hard as his father and agreed the proposals.He returned to London on a wave of popular support to be crowned Charles II(1660-1685).The restoration was notable for a relaxation of the Puritan morality fo the previous decades.Theatre,sports,dancing were revived. Political things were not so good internationally. CONSOLIDATION OF THE ENGLISH PARLIAMENTARISM:William of Orange accepted the Bill of Rights in 1689; this law was based in the national sovereignty. The House of Lords was integrated by members of the aristocracy chosen by the king, and their seats were occupied for life and could even be inherited.The House of Commons was chosen by citizens.The Parliament missions were to pass the bills, the taxes and the budgets of the state.The king mission was to govern according to the laws passed by parliament.After the unification of England and Scotland in 1707 we talk of britain not from England.The British Union Flag assembles the three national flags(england,scotland,ireland).THE NEW DINASTY:THE HANOVERS: in 1714, George became king.The act stipulated that the Bristish monarchy should be Protestand and Hanoverian.The hanoverian era continued until 1837. The coming of the hanoverians to the British throne was not good welcomed.George I didn´t spoke English.The major opposition of the Hanovers were the Jacobites.Occurred two Jacobite rebllions, in 1715 and in 1745.Both were marked by a poor military organisation, exagerated hopes of support and lacklustre leadership.TRIANGLE OF TRADE:was an empire based on commerce,sea power and naval dominance consolidated British overseas settler societies.Beggining 18th century Britain possessed many colinies from all the world.Dominated trade with India, a part of Asia and China.Atlantic ocean:trade was carried out by private merchant vessels.Profits made from sugar,tea and coffee trade were the major driving force behind the triangular trade.The trian. trade consisted of 3 journeys.

WHAT CAUSED A CRISIS IN THE ANCIENT REGINE IN THE 18TH CENTURY:The collapse of the AR.After the decline of medieval feudalism,the ar became the principal economic,social and political system in europe.The form of government was an absolute monarchy society were a minirity had privileges and the pajority of the population were rural peasants.The development of manufacturing generated new sources of wealgh which benefited the bougeoisie.The development of bougeois activities was hindered by economic and social structures.They wanted social and political recognition but the ar didn´t permit it.AN AGRARIAN AND MANORIAL ECONOMY: the economy of the ar was mainly rural.More than the 80% of population worken in agriculture.Land was in hands of the nobility and the church so people had to work for them.Manorialism remained in force in the countryside.The lords received manorial rents and taxes paid by the peasants and had the power to order and impart justice.Peasants algo paid to the church.Agriculture used traditional methods and its productivity was low.People practised subsistence farming which produced just enough food por population to live.Excahnge was rare and trade limited.Agriculture was the predominant activity but bourgeoisie developed artisan and manufacturing activities.SOCIETY BASED ON PRIVILEGES:society was divides by traditional law into 3 estates: the clergy,the nobility and ordinary people.The Third Estate(last group) included peasants, urban working classes and bourgeoisie.The nobility and clergy had privileges and rights, they controlled the army and didn´t have to pay taxes.The rest of population had to pay taxes and couldn´t enjoy privileges.This reflects the inequality of society.A MONARCHY BY DIVINE RIGHT:the predominant form of government was absolute monarchy by divine right.The king´s authority came from God and exercised power in the name of God.Louis XIV was the perfect example of an absolute monarch, the king issued laws, appointed judges and ministers, administered justice,commanded the army and directed foreign policy.FACTORS FOR CHANGE.THE EMERGING BOURGEOISIE: the bourg.aspired to participate in government.They criticated the privileges of nobles and clergy and in that social recognition should be based on individual merit not in the family in which you have been born.peasants opposed the manorial system and the heavy taxed they had to pay.Enlightenment thinkers began to challenge the ideological foundations of the ar and propose a new model for society.They wanted to end the dominance of the privileged classes.GROWTH OF THE ECONOMY AND THE POPULATION:POPULATION GROWTH:europe´s population grew form 100M to 200M(1650-1800).Causes:greater agricultural production,general economic growth and fewer epidemics–>low death rate,increase birth rate.Growth population led to increase in demand fot goods and services.Extension of cultivated areas,introductionof new crops,expanison of irrigation–>increased grapegrowing.DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND MANUFACTURING:increase agricultural production, more land was cleared for cultivation.New agricultural techniques and new crops were introduced.This led to an Agricultural revolution at the end of the 18th cent. Two new systems of production were introduced. The domestic system:peasants were provided with the necessary raw materials and tools to make products.Factories:were state-run or privately owned and had many workers to make specific products.New products were sold in urban markets and through international colonial trade that developed maritime routes.THE TRIANGULAR TRADE: colonial trade expanded a lot.Sugar,coffee,tobacco,cotton,cocoa…became commonly used in Europe.Slaves were taken from Africa to America,there they were sold and forced to work in bad conditions.Financial benefits were extremely high and favoured the proliferation of merchants,bankers,commercial companies…

THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE UNITED STATES:the 13 British colonies organised the first colonial insurrection.They established the first government to be founded on equiality and freedom.American colonists were unhappy for not allowing them to send representatives to parliament and for imposing commercial taxes and monopolies.The british decision caused a rebellion in Boston calles Boston Tea Party. (1773)George III sent an army to stop the rebellion.Declaration of Independence of the 13 colonies(4th July 1776).After a war, Britain recognised the independence of the colonies(1783).G.Washington became the first president of the US(1789).Created a new constitution(1787), that caused the separation of powers.The constitution guaranteed freedom of religion,press,speech,assembly and the right to trial by jury.Power was transferred from the people to the senate and the house of Representatives.THE ENLIGHTENED MOVEMENT:this movement challenged the authority of the ar and proposed a new way of organising society, the bourgeoisie adopted these ideas.ENLIGHTENMENT THINKERS:they believed reason was the only way to understand the world.Most of them were deist and rejected the superiority for one religion and condemned religious intolerance.They defended the thought of freedom.They had an optimistic view of nature.Humans were born to be happy.They beliebed in progress.Social changes:opposed startfied society.No one should inherit privileges from thir acestors, Defended social mobility and personal merit.Economic changes: opposed mercantilism,based on accumulation of precious metals and defended productive work.Opposed state regulations and defended free trade.Political changes: Montesquieu proposed the separation of powers. He expressed the need for a social contract berween individuals and the rules. He also defended the idea of popular sovereignity expressed through voting.Voltaire defended fisical justice.Spanish Enlightenment thinkers were concerned about how Spanish society and its economy could modernise.Jovellanoes criticised the privileges of the ar, condemned the idle nobility,opposed the prejudices of the church and justifies the need for land reform.The main objectives of enlightenment thinkers were economic frowth,reform of society,improvement of education,modernisation of culture.To spread thir new ideas thy created the land distribution and an increase in production,trade and wealth.SPREADING THE NEW IDEAS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT:the great scientific revolution began with scientists such as Kepler,Descartes,Pascal,Torricelli,Galileo,Newton…And Encyclopaedia helped spread of all the knowledge.They believed that science and technology helped the society to progress and to make a country richer.The hot air balloon caused much public interest.Universities and scientific academics were created all around Europe.Wealthy women contributed to the enlightenment by organising meetings for intellectuals.Literacy improved also and newspaper and books bacome available to greater numbers of people.Philosophers and scientists collaborated to the encyclopaedia´s development(edited by Diderot and dÁlembert(1751-1772)).ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM:european monarchs were influences by enlighteners and some tried to introduce ideas.Frederik II of Prussia,Maria Theresa of Austria,Catherine II of russica,Gustav III of Sweeden and Charles III of Spain promoted the rationalisation of administration,education refoms and modernisation of economy; they developed agriculture and industry, facilitated free trade and promoted manufacturing.Enlightened despotism summarised in the phrase– All for the people,nothing by the people(means act in faour of the people but kkeping absolute power).

THE BOURBON MONARCHY IN SPAIN: the bourbon dynasty in Spain started whith the winning of the Philip V´s supporters after the death of the last Hasburg king,Charles II(1700died).The war of the spanish succession(1701-1714)was an internal conflict in Spain.It was caused by a confrontation between two pretenders to the throne.The military outcome was fabourable to Philip´s troops after the victory of Almansa(1707).(1711)Charles inherited the german empire and lost interest in becoming the king of Spain.The conflict ended with the Treaty of Utrecht(1713) which recognised Philip V as king in exchange for territory in Europe.The war continued in Catalonia and in Mallorca.After the succession Spanish War began the unification of Aragon and Castile.New laws were passed to unify both territories.They abolished the privileges and institutions of the Crown of Aragon and imposed the Castilian system.Bourbons began to centralise power and reform the structure of the state.The Councils were abolished,except those in castile.The Cortes disappeared.France and Spain signed the Family Compact, that guided Spanish foreign policy during the 18th century.The reigns of Philip V and Ferdinand VI were characteried by the cetralisation of the state and the implementation of the French absolutist model.Charles III was influenced by enlightened despotism and tried to modernise the economy.ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM IN SPAIN:Charles III ruled as an absolutist king but chosed some thinkers to be his advisors.The Catholic Church had an enormous influence.Reforms by Charles III:regulation of the professions,free movements of goods,free sale of grain,free trade wigh the Americas from all Spanish ports,liberalising the manufacturing process, establishing ariffs to defend against foreign competition, imposing royal authority over Church, creating primary schools and reforming universities.ROCOCO STYLE:was a reflecton of the refined tastes of the aristocracy. Is elegant and ornate, empahsis on sensual beauty and visual pleasure. The aristocracy displayed their wealth through their palace decoration.Interior had lavish ornamentation based on curves and asymmetry.Rococo features:ambience of the privileged,light colours,dominance of colour over drawing,develop of a new medium called pastel.Painters: Watteau,Fragonard,Tiepolo,Gainsborough.

NEOCLASSICISM: was influenced by the discovery of many important achaeological sites from ancient Greece and Rome.Remplaced Rococo.Excessive decorations were replaced by neoclassicism which involved the return to the simplicity and rationality of classical art.Was more similar to the bourgeois mentality of Europe.Architecture:inspired in Greco-roman style and rejected the profuse ornamentation.Libraries,pantheons,gates and museums were constructed.Painters:used mythological and historical themes to express moral values.Sculptors:focused on mythological themes but also madre funerary monuments and portraits, their goal was to convey beauty and perfection and they use marble and bronze mainly.

AGE OF REVOLUTIONS(1789-1871):THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS:the reforms of the enlightenment did not solve the problems of the ar.From 1780 onwards a series of liberal revolutions spread across Europe and transformed the continent and its colinies.The new political system known as liberal was based on popular sovereignity(right to vote)and the people´s right to build their own state.The absolute monarchies disappeared, the bourgeoisie became the dominant social group and new states were created. The revolutions that began at the end of the 18th century were also called the bourgeois revoluions.Other social groups also participated in the revoltions.AMERICAN REVOLUTION:the 13 british colonies claimed independece from GB(great britain)and executed a political revolution.The cause of the revolution was the discontent of the colonists who lacked representation in the british parliament were dependent of GB on trade and could not occupy extensive territories located to the west of the colonies reserved for the british.The spread of enlightenment ideas led people to consider the british government to be despotic.The spark that set off the conflict was the attempt by Britain to levy new taxes.The most significant ones were the Stamp Act(1765)–>a tax on commercial and legal documents, and the Tea Act81773)–>gave the british east india company a monopoly on the sale of tea in the colonies; also taxed the colonies on paper,lead and glass.Colonists argued that they hadn´t voted for them.The most importante protest was the Boston Tea Party(1773)–>a group of colonists disguised as native americans threw an entire shipment of tea carried by some british ships into the boston harbour.The harsh repression by the british authorities led to the War of Independence(1775-1783),the rebels formed an army under the command of George Washington.During the war representatives from the 13 colonies met and passed the Declaration of Independece(4 July 1776), there were recognised the equal rights of all people,rights to life,liberty and the pursuit of happiness and national sovereignty.At final, with the support of France and Spain the colonies defeated the british and their independence was recognised through the Peace of Paris(1783).The US of america were born.The US Constitution(1787) was the first to be written establighed a new state organised as federal republic based on national sovereignty and separation of powers among the Congress, the President and the supreme Court. The american revolution had an enormous impact in the world.THE FRENCH REVOLUTION:Previous situation: spread of new enlightenment ideals, development of the bourgeoisie and the american revolution.A revolutionary wave befan in France(1789) and spread through Europe.Its aim was to end absolutism and the ar.Revolutionaries wanted all male cistizens to be considered free and equial and the right to participate in political life.The Third Estate aspired to profound social reforms.The revolution was a long and complex process that went through different phases: The meeting of the Estates-General:was a food crisis and also a financial crisis caused by debt and inflation.The Estates-General met with Louis XVI to aprove new taxes.The Third State and the nobility and clergy didn´t came to a head and the Third State leave the meeting and create the National Constituent Assembly(NCA).The people of Paris stormed the Bastille that was used as a prison and was considered a symbol of the absolute power, and there where nobles´homes burnt during the Great Fear.Louis XVI was frightened so he acepted the National Constituent Assembly.The National Constituent Assembly(1789-1791): tried to reach an agreement with the king and the privileged estates.The bourgeois aspired to abolish the ar.The first decisions of the NCA were to abolish feudalism and approve the Declaration of the Rights of Mand and of the Citizen. Later, they approved the Constitution of 1791.The Legislative Assembly(1791-1792): the NCA was dissolved and substituted by a Lesgislative Assembly that faced several problems: the oppositon by the king, the opposition by exiled nobles, the oppositon by the church,the opposition by the sans-culottes(were independent workers), the war against Austria and Prussia and the clashes between moderate revolutionaries(Girondins) and radical revolutionaries(Jacobins).

The National Convention(1792-1795):the Legislative Assembly was dissolved and replaces by the National Convention which was dominated by the Girondins.Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were convicted of treason and guillotined in (January 1793).Monarchies in Europe formed an absolutist coalition against France.The Jacobins seized power(June 1793).A new constitution recognised popular sovereignty.The executive was led by a Committee of Public Safety which gaves the power to Robespierre.To stop conspirations,the Reign of Terror was imposed.Freedoms were suspended and people opposed to the government were executed.The guillotine was named after Joseph Guillotin proposed this form of capital punishment for humanitarian and efficiency reasons.To satisfy sans-culottes prices and salaries were controlled, education became compulsory.In 1794 ended the Jacobin gobernment and they and Robespierre were executed by guillotine.The Directoy and the Consulatee(1795-1799):Jacobin laws were cancelled.A new Constitution(1795)granted executive power to a collegial goverment known as the Directory.The Directory was permantently unstable becaused it faced opposition from the aristocracy.Directory carried out numerous military campaigns in which the general Napoleon Bonaparte rose to prominence.Using his prestige he overthrew the Directroy by a coup d´etat substituting it with a Consulate made un of 3 consuls.EUROPE UNDER NAPOLEON(1799-1814): this was a period of authoritarian rule.The Constitution of 1800 didn´t include the separation of powers and the declaration of rights.Liberties were limited,censorship was imposed to control public opinion.He achieved peace in France by allowing the exiled nobility to return and singning the Concordat with the Pope(1801).He recognised the Catholic religion.A commercial code was established, the Bank of France was created.Napoleon was made First Consul for Life and later became Emperor of French.Napoleon instituted the Civil Code(1804) in which was included equality,liberty,economic freedom…The state was organised into departments that were run by prefects and stare schools(lycées)were created lo educate servants.Napoleon also sought a vast European empire.He began his conquest of Europe1805) thank to his large army and the use of new military tactics.The French troops seemed unstoppable but was an exception were the United Kingdom defeated Napoleon in the Battle of Trafalgar(1805).Napoleon set up governments made up of family members; they all spread the ideas of revolution.France inaded Spain(1808)and Joseph Bonaparte became king.Napoleon was exiled on the island of Elba and the French monarchy was restored by Louis XVIII.Napoleon excaped and regained the throne for one hundred days.Napoleon abdicated and was sent into exile on the island of Saint Helena where he died in 1821.THE LEGACY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE NAPOLEONIC PERIOD:the french revolution is on eof the most significant events in the history and marked the beginning of the late modern period.It established the basis of modern democracies:people as citizens with rights recognised by the state.The political clubs were classified as left or right(moderate deputies-right/radical deputies-left).Economic lever involved the liberalisation of the economy which enabled development of captitalism, new decimal system of measurement was introduced.The culture and ideology, revolutionaries were in favour of a secular state without official religion, compulsory educaction, and make art and culture accessible for all citizens; the first public museums were created.THE BOURBON RESTORATION:the powers that defeated Napoleon met at the Congress of Vienna with two objectibes: to restore the ancient regime and to redraw the political map of Europe.Austrian Chancellor Metternich, wanted to stop the spread of libeeral ideas and restore absolutism.After reinstating absolute monarch the four great powers reshaped the European map.The Holly Alliance Treaty stipulated that the absolute monarchs would unite against any threat of liberal revolution.Absolutism was temporarily restored, but although that the Restoration couldn´t contain the expanison of new ideas represented liberalism and nationalism.

Liberalism:defended individual liberty expressed by the rights of the citizens,equality before the law and the suppression of privileges.Liberal ideology spread extensively among bourgeoisie. Nationalism:was the idea that the fundamental framework for public life was the community with common traits,especially language and culture.Its objective was for each nation to have ist own state.The nationalist ideology spread to territories under goreign power and for those to form a unified state.THE LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS OF THE 19TH CENTURY: the spread of liberalism gave rise to a new wave of revolutions.The rise of liberalism was accompained by an expansion of nationalism which advocated for independent nations.Revolutions of 1820: concetrated in the mediterranean area.Liberals in Spain,Portugal,Naples and Piedmont rose up against absolutist regimes.Some mochach initially accepted the constitutions but at the end the imposed absolutism.The revolutions of 1830: began in France with Charles XI signing the Ordinances, dissolving the Chamber of Deputies and reducing the number of people to vote.Belgium achieved independence from Holland.A revolt in Poland was also caused.The revolutions on 1848: were more extensive and radical.Set up barricades and demanded popular sovereignty, male suffrage and social equality.The bourgeoisie implemented a coservative liberalism.The revolutions began in France.The Second French Republic was proclaimed.The Austrian empire revolt forced chancellore Metternich to resign.Although these revolutions failed,nationalist aspirations were consolidated, many countries adopted liberalism, serfdom was abolished and the bourgeoisie took control.These revolutions demostrated the importance of political workers.

NATIONALISM.THE BIRTH OF NEW STATES: spread across Europe in the 19th century.They defended the right of nations to exercise their sovereingty and create their own state.Members of the same national community must be grouped within given geographical borders.the majority of the Spanish colonies in America became independent, Italy was divided into several states, Austria was annexed with Lombardy-Veneta, Germany was dividid into 36 states, Prussia and Austria were competing for power.In Italy the process of unification was directed by the Kingdom of Piedmon-Sardinia.Unification was carried out in several stages.The Kingdom of Italy was founded in 1861.The newly unified state established its capital in Rome. Prussia created a customs union that united the majority of Germany.Germany´s and Prussia´s kings aimed to unify Germany and exclude Austria.The process was carried out in three stages.Prussia declared war on denmark.Defeated Austrian.Beating France.These three victories made the unification of Germany possible.

THE NEW ART OF THE BOURGEOISIE: the new bourgeoisie society also revolutionised artisitic tastes. That art was based on new alternatives.The artists developed a desire to be original. The new artistic styles: Romanticism:brought a new aesthetic and celebrated a love of freeedom and the glorficiation of the individual.It promoted emotionover the rationalism of the enlightenment.Romantic sculpture aspired to express movement and feelings. Romanticism: displaced by realism.Only way of understanding reality.Artists made a big effort to describe reality.Painters: Courbet, Daumier,Millet. Modernism: was an architectural movement, but painting and sculpture also were present. Painters decided to capture symbolic themes. The movement was decorative and inspried by forms found in nature.Women were a recurring theme. Artists: Klimt,Mucha or Gaudi.

TIMELINE MONTHLY WORK

American Constitution(1787), Storming of the Bastille/Execution of Louis XVI(1789), Defeat of Napoleon (1821), Battle of Sadowa(1866), Battle of Sedan(1870).