Understanding the Indian Knowledge System and Its Impact

Posted on Dec 10, 2025 in Philosophy and ethics

Iks
Q1. Attempt any ONE of the following:

a) Definition, Scope & Importance of Indian Knowledge System

Definition

The Indian Knowledge System (IKS) refers to the traditional knowledge developed in India over thousands of years in areas such as science, mathematics, medicine, philosophy, architecture, art, literature, and spirituality. It is a holistic system that combines intellectual, ethical, and spiritual wisdom for human welfare.

Scope

  • Science & Technology: Ancient India contributed to astronomy, mathematics, metallurgy, and medicine.
  • Philosophy & Education: Systems like Vedanta, Nyaya, and Buddhist philosophy guided moral and intellectual development.
  • Medicine: Ayurveda and Yoga are key contributions that focus on physical and mental health.
  • Arts & Literature: Music, dance, sculpture, and Sanskrit literature form rich parts of Indian heritage.
  • Environment & Agriculture: Emphasized harmony between humans and nature.

Importance

  • Preserves the cultural identity of India.
  • Encourages sustainable development.
  • Promotes holistic education combining science and values.
  • Offers traditional solutions to modern problems.
  • Strengthens national pride and unity.

b) Nature of Indian Knowledge System

Nature

  • Holistic: Integrates body, mind, and spirit.
  • Scientific: Based on observation, experimentation, and logic (e.g., Ayurveda, astronomy).
  • Spiritual: Focuses on inner realization and self-knowledge.
  • Universal: Values applicable to all humanity.
  • Practical: Knowledge is meant for welfare and better living.
  • Sustainable: Promotes balance between humans and nature.
  • Value-based: Emphasizes ethics, discipline, and compassion.


Q2. Attempt any ONE of the following:

a) Contribution of Aryabhatta, Varahamihira, Sawai Jai Singh & Three Doshas in Ayurveda

Aryabhatta

  • Great mathematician and astronomer.
  • Introduced the concept of zero and the place value system.
  • Proposed that Earth rotates on its axis.
  • Wrote Aryabhatiya explaining planetary motion and eclipses.

Varahamihira

  • Author of Brihat Samhita, an encyclopedia of astrology, astronomy, and natural sciences.
  • Provided methods for predicting rains, earthquakes, and planetary movements.

Sawai Jai Singh

  • Built observatories (Jantar Mantar) in Delhi, Jaipur, and other cities.
  • Improved astronomical instruments and calendars.

Three Doshas in Ayurveda

Ayurveda believes the human body is governed by Vata (air), Pitta (fire), and Kapha (water/earth). Health is maintained when these are balanced; imbalance causes diseases. Treatment aims to restore this natural balance.

b) Explain Metallurgy – Copper, Iron, Bronze & Alloys

Metallurgy

  • Copper: Used since the Harappan period for tools and utensils. Found in Rajasthan and Gujarat.
  • Bronze: Alloy of copper and tin; used for statues, weapons, and coins (e.g., Bronze Age civilization).
  • Iron: Widespread use in the later Vedic period; used in ploughs, swords, and pillars (e.g., Delhi Iron Pillar).
  • Alloys: Indians mastered mixing metals for strength and beauty. Used in coins, temple bells, and sculptures.


Q3. Attempt any ONE of the following:

a) Origins, Characteristics, Historical & Cultural Impact of Three Languages

Languages

Sanskrit, Pali, and Prakrit.

Origins

  • Sanskrit: Language of Vedas and classical literature.
  • Pali: Language of Buddhist scriptures.
  • Prakrit: Common spoken language used in Jain and popular literature.

Characteristics

  • Sanskrit: Highly structured grammar (Panini), rich vocabulary.
  • Pali: Simple and practical, used for spreading Buddhism.
  • Prakrit: Easy for common people, medium for Jain teachings.

Historical & Cultural Impact

  • Spread of Indian culture, philosophy, and religion.
  • Basis for many modern Indian languages.
  • Preserved ancient knowledge through texts like Vedas, Tripitaka, and Jain Agamas.
  • Promoted unity and intellectual exchange in ancient India.

b) Education System in Ancient India

Features

  • Gurukul System: Students lived with the teacher (Guru) and learned discipline, respect, and knowledge.
  • Subjects: Vedas, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, logic, and medicine.
  • Method: Oral teaching and memorization.
  • Aim: Character building and spiritual growth, not just earning.
  • Famous Universities: Takshashila, Nalanda, Vallabhi.
  • Equal Emphasis: On physical, moral, and intellectual education.


Q4. Attempt any TWO Short Notes:

a) The Ayurveda & Unani Medicine

Ayurveda

Ancient Indian medicine based on the balance of Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. Focus on diet, herbs, and yoga. Texts: Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita.

Unani

Introduced by Arabs and Persians. Based on the balance of four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. Uses herbs, minerals, and natural therapy.


b) The Term Architecture

Architecture

Derived from the Greek word “Arkhitekton” meaning chief builder. Indian architecture includes temples, stupas, forts, and palaces. Styles: Nagara (North India), Dravidian (South India), and Vesara (mixed). Example: Taj Mahal, Sun Temple, Brihadeshwara Temple. Reflects the art, science, religion, and culture of India.


c) Characteristics, Historical & Cultural Impact of Three Languages

(Same as Q3a — short version)

Sanskrit: Language of Vedas and epics. Pali: Language of Buddhist texts. Prakrit: Common people’s language. Impact: Promoted literature, religion, and unity in India.