Understanding the Cardiovascular System and Blood Functions
Cardiovascular System: Blood, Heart, Blood Vessels
Uses: Transport nutrients and hormones to body tissues, Gaseous exchange
Heart Coverings/Pericardium
- Prevents friction
Fibro-serous sac
Fibrous pericardium sac= tough and loose
Conical sac made of fibrous tissue
a. Base- attached to diaphragm
b. 4 surfaces- anterior, posterior, 2 lateral
Anterior- attached to sternum by sternopericardial ligaments
Heart Wall (3 layers)
1. Epicardium (outer layer)
2. Myocardium (muscular muscle layer)
3. Endocardium (inner layer)
Blood (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma)
Plasma: the fluid portion of blood, which is a pale yellow liquid containing ions, dissolved gases, proteins, hormones, nutrients, and wastes.
Red blood cells are full of the red pigment hemoglobin to bind oxygen and transport it to cells.
White blood cells are involved in defense against microorganisms.
Platelets are important in preventing blood loss and promoting blood clotting.
Blood Types
Genetically determined by presence or absence of RBC surface antigens A, B, Rh
Basie Blood Types: Antigens and antibodies
Trabeculae carneae (Ridges formed by raised bundles cardiac muscle fibers)
Chordae tendineae (Cusps of tricuspid valve connected to tendonlike cords) Papillary muscles (Cone-shaped trabeculae carneae)
The P wave indicates atrial depolarization. The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization. The T wave indicates ventricular repolarization.
Posterior- principal bronchi, esophagus, and descending aorta.
Atria
Expanded areas of atria fill with blood from vena cava. Coronary sulcus separates atria and ventricle.
Ventricles
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Immune System
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes
Functions
- Drain excess interstitial fluid
- Transport dietary lipid
The Kidneys
Filter/remove excess water, glucose, salts, urea, amino acids. 180L of filtrate produced in 1 day.
Excretory System
Function: Removal of metabolic waste and excess materials. Organs involved: lungs, liver, sweat glands, kidneys.
- Thin descending limb of loop of Henle
- The thin descending limb has low permeability to ions and urea while being highly permeable to water.
- Thin ascending limb of loop of Henle
- The thin ascending limb is impermeable to water but permeable to ions.
- Ascending limb of loop of Henle
- Sodium, potassium, and chloride ions are reabsorbed from the urine by secondary active transport.
- Cortical thick ascending limb
- The cortical thick ascending limb drains urine into the distal convoluted tubule.