Understanding Technological Incompatibility, Investments, and Standards
Understanding Key Concepts: Incompatibility, Investments, and Standards
Technological Incompatibility
Technological incompatibility is defined as the presence of features in two systems (computers, technology, etc.) that prevent them from working together properly.
Project Implementation Costs
Management of project implementation includes:
- Wages and salaries of management personnel.
- Rental and maintenance of offices, housing, and so on.
- Travel and communications.
- Payment of duties and taxes during the period of implementation.
Total Investment
The total investment is the sum of fixed assets, deferred assets, and operating capital. It represents all the money to be funded for installation, commissioning, and continued operation.
The total investment is defined as the sum of fixed capital (resources to build and equip an investment project) and working capital (resources necessary to operate the project, including the acquisition of raw materials and inputs).
Fixed Investments
Fixed investments consist of:
- Preparation of land and sites.
- Building and civil engineering works.
- Machinery and plant equipment (auxiliary equipment).
- Incorporated certain fixed assets such as intellectual property rights.
Operating Capital
Working capital refers to the financial resources required for project operations under its production program.
The working capital consists of:
- Inventories (raw materials, inventory, auxiliary materials, supplies, packaging materials, spare parts, tools, and inputs).
- Products in process.
- Finished products.
Deferred Assets
Capital costs in the construction phase are called deferred assets. These are costs incurred in the installation stage of the project and should be amortized over the project period, often longer than the equipment depreciation period.
Expenses Incurred in the Implementation Phase
Understanding expenses incurred in the implementation phase of the project, namely:
- Project preparation.
- Preliminary studies.
- Pre-production expenses:
- Salaries and benefits of staff.
- Travel costs.
- Temporary facilities.
- Sales promotion costs.
- Interest on loans during the execution.
Understanding ANSI, ISO, and IEEE
ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
It is a nonprofit organization that oversees the development of standards for products, services, processes, and systems in the United States.
ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-A ANSI/EIA/TIA-569 ANSI/TIA/EIA-606 ANSI/TIA/EIA-607
ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
ISO is an international organization responsible for a wide range of standards, including those relating to networking. ISO developed the OSI reference model, a popular networking reference model.
It is the agency responsible for promoting the development of international standards of manufacturing, commerce, and communication for all industries except electrical and electronics. Its main function is to seek standardization of products and safety standards for businesses and organizations worldwide.
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
IEEE is a professional organization whose activities include the development of networking and communications standards. The IEEE LAN standards are the most important standards for LANs today.
It is a global professional technical association dedicated to standardization, among other things. It is the largest international non-profit organization formed by professionals of new technologies such as electrical engineers, electronics engineers, computer scientists, computer engineers, and engineers in telecommunications. IEEE 802.1 IEEE 802.2 IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.4