Understanding Linear, Volumetric Expansion, and Essential Hand Tools
Linear Expansion
Different substances exhibit varying degrees of expansion. Dilation specifies the change in length of a substance per degree Celsius (°C) of temperature change. Its units are (units of length) / (°C). It’s low in poor conductors of heat and high in good conductors of heat.
Formula:
(Lf – Lo) = (Tf – To) . Lo . h
Where:
- Lf = Final Length
- Lo = Original Length
- Tf = Final Temperature
- To = Original Temperature
- h = coefficient of linear expansion
Everything should be reduced to mm.
Formula 2:
Lf = Lo . [1 + h (Tf – To)]
Volumetric Expansion
Volumetric expansion refers to the change in volume of a substance when its temperature changes by 1°C. The units are (volume) / (°C). It’s calculated similarly to linear expansion but considers dilation in three dimensions, representing the increase in volume of a substance due to temperature variation.
Formula:
(Vf – Vo) = Vo . (Tf – To) . Delta
Where:
- Vf = Final Volume
- Vo = Original Volume
- Tf = Final Temperature
- To = Original Temperature
- Delta = Coefficient of volumetric expansion
Hand Tools
Hand tools are essential for specific tasks, allowing work on various materials. They enable tasks for which hands are unprepared, transforming muscle energy into mechanical energy.
Plotting Tools
Plotting tools are used to draw the shape of a piece on a material. The scriber, similar to a pencil, must be harder to trace on metal, creating a permanent mark on thin metal.
- Tip dial: Creates a low relief mark, used as a guide for drilling to prevent the drill bit from deviating.
- Rule or Regulation D and iron: Graduated in mm on one side and inches on the other, versatile and made of metal.
- Tape measure: Measures in inches and mm, typically made of iron, versatile, and collapsible.
- Rule: Available in different materials for various trades.
- Hat Squad: Used to draw a straight line from a single point.
- Compass: Features a tip to support an axis point and another tip to mark.
Clamping Tools
Clamping tools immobilize a part for work.
- Fixed Keys: One key for each key size.
- Striated/Closed Keys: Supported on all sides of the nut.
- Socket Wrenches: Use a pipe arm with interchangeable heads.
- Adjustable Wrenches (English): Open mouth, two-sided, versatile, but without precise adjustment.
- Tweezers: Used to adjust, loosen, cut, and hold.
- Punta Molutada: Holds molutado objects.
- Pliers: Cutting pliers are distinguished by their handles (iron for mechanical, insulated for electrical). Cable clamp strips are also available.
- Walrus Clamps: Open and close straight and possess anti-sliding clamps.
- Morseton: Used for fixing something resting on a base, portable and versatile.
- Clamp Force: Pressure regulating blade opens with a quiet parrot clamp.
- Parrot Clamp: One of the most versatile tools, with a parrot-like tip, used to clamp workpieces of different sizes.
- Estilzon Key: Features an anti-slip knurled mouth, allowing for great strength.
Cutting Tools
- Cutting Wood: Long and curved teeth, suitable for materials with less hardness (e.g., saws with fixed blade and handle).
- Cutting Irons: Short teeth, designed for hard metals.
- Pliers: Electrical and mechanical pliers (with two knives).
- Tongs: For iron, steel, wire, cables (harder materials).
Polishing
Polishing removes imperfections using tools like:
- Sandpaper
- Emery cloth
- Birute of iron oxide (removes a piece of metal covering)
- Grindstone: Whetstone (removes burrs, the product of drilling, threading, etc.)
Metal Cutting
- Roughing: Removes leftover material.
- Files: Material hardness varies. Coarse files are harder than iron, while medium files are used for grinding, and fine files for polishing and finishing.
Types of Files:
- Flat: Parallel faces for straight edges.
- Round: For filing rounded edges, holes, or sliding surfaces.
- Half-Round: To smooth straight edges and/or round edges simultaneously.
Holes
Drilling tools and wick materials:
- For Wood: Carbon steel (cheap but burns at high speeds).
- For Metals: Alloy steel (iron and metal alloys allow high speeds).
- For Masonry: Carbon steel and HW.
Parts of the Drill Bit:
- Tip: Facilitates drilling.
- Helicoid: Discharges material.
- Cylindrical Tail Fuse
- Vidia: Unless all iron, tip Vidia augujeriadoras.
Masonry Drill Types:
- Hand Drills: Not precise but versatile.
- Standing/Bank Drills: Drill straight, perpendicular to the chuck.
- Chuck Table: Adjusts the drill bit.
- Handle: Pulley attached to a rotary engine gives hand pulleys attached to the engine without.
Fasteners
- Tronillo: Male thread, sweep.
- Nuts: Male thread, male and male bears.
Screwdrivers
Screwdrivers can be isolated or not, depending on the use.
Types:
- Phillips Head: Flat tip (allows more force).