Understanding Frequency, Averages, and Communication Elements
The sum of the absolute frequency is the total number of data.
The sum of the relative frequency is always unity.
In a bar chart:
The data are represented at the base of each bar.
The height of each bar is equal to the absolute frequency of each item.
If we join the upper ends of the bars, we obtain the frequency polygon.
For the arithmetic mean of a set of data, you add them all and divide the result of the sum by the total number of data.
To calculate the average of grouped data:
1. Each data point is multiplied by its respective absolute frequency.
2. Sum all the products obtained.
3. Divide the result of the sum by the total number of data.
The mode of a set of data is the data that has the highest absolute frequency.
The median of a data set is a value such that the number of data points less than it is equal to the number of data points greater than it.
To calculate the median: first, sort the data from lowest to highest.
If the number of data points is odd, the median is the central value.
If the number of data points is even, the median is the arithmetic mean of the two middle values.
Areas and Volumes:
Square: A = a²
Triangle: A = B ⋅ h / 2
Rectangle: A = B ⋅ h
Rhomboid: A = B ⋅ h
Diamond: A = D • d / 2
Trapezoid: A = (B + b) • h / 2
Regular Polygon: A = P · a / 2 (1)
Circle: A = π · R²
P = 2 • π • R
Annulus: A = π · (R² – r²)
Circular Sector: A = π · R² • N / 360
Cube: A = 6 • a²
V = a³
Cylinder: A = 2 • π • R • (H + R)
V = π · R² ⋅ h
Cuboid: A = 2 • (b · c + a · c + a · b)
V = a · b · c
Cone: A = π · R² • (H + g) (2)
V = π · R² • h / 3
Prism: A = P • (H + a)
V = AB ⋅ h (3)
Truncated Cone: A = π • [g · (r + R) + r² + R²]
V = π • h · (R² + r² + R • r) / 3
Regular Tetrahedron: A = a² · √3
V = a³ · A² / 12
Area: A = 4 • π · R²
V = 4 • π · R³ / 3
Regular Octahedron: A = 2 • a² · √3
V = a³ · A² / 3
Spindle: A = 4 • π · R² • N / 360
V = VEsf · n / 360
Straight Pyramid: A = P • (A + a’) / 2
V = AB ⋅ h / 3
Spherical: A = 2 • π • R • h
V = π • h² • (3 • R – h) / 3
Truncated Pyramid: A = ½ (P + P’) • h + AB + AB’
V = (AB + AB’ + AAB · AAB’) • h / 3
Spherical Area: A = 2 • π • R • h
V = π • h · (h² + 3 • r² + 3 • R’²) / 6
(1) P is the perimeter (sum of the lengths of the sides), a is the apothem.
(2) g is the generator.
(3) AB is the base area, h is the height, R and r are the radii.
To produce a communicative act involves a series of elements:
– Emitter
– Addressee
– Message
– Channel
– Context
Emitter (who produces a signal with the intent to communicate) to a Recipient (who is addressed by that signal).
Signal (any perceptible emission: a sound, a word, a gesture, a glance)
Channel (the medium through which the signal is transmitted)
The communicative context tells us what is intended to be communicated.
Within the context of communication, in order to understand the message, we are interested in three aspects:
– The aim of the emitter
– The relationship between partners
– The social situation in which communication takes place.
Expressive function occurs when the message, full of subjectivity, focuses on the transmitter.
Affective function benchmarks their reactions when the message focuses on the external reality.
Conative function or persuasive. In this case, the message is directed towards the receiver.
Phatic function or contact focuses on the medium or channel when the message is intended to ensure that the channel is operational.
We talk about poetic function in cases in which messages want to draw attention to themselves.
Metalinguistic function occurs when the message talks about the code itself.
We have said that to understand a text is a complex task that involves asking and solving a number of issues such as the following:
– What is the theme of the text? (What is it?)
– What are the main ideas of the text?
– What kind of relationships exist between ideas?
– Is there a secondary or derived idea from these?
– What is the overall idea that transmits the text as a whole?
– What is the author’s intention?
If you have answered these questions, we can say that we are able to summarize the contents of the main text.
To make a good summary, you must carry out three fundamental activities:
– Delete unimportant details and ideas.
– Condense several ideas into one that includes them.
– Link ideas through appropriate connectors.
Brevity: Must conform to the essential, no more.
Accuracy: You must collect the precise content of the text; if the text is given in the summary, it must not fail.
Completeness: It must collect all the important ideas of the text; we must not remove important ideas to make it shorter.
Objectivity: It should not include personal judgments and evaluations. In summarizing, do not invent.
Morphology is the study of the relationships that exist in the word between smaller units than it.
sin = opposite leg / hypotenuse
cos = adjacent leg / hypotenuse
tan = opposite leg / adjacent leg
sin² + cos² = 1
tan = sin / cos
TEXT TYPES:
– Narrative
– Descriptive
– Expository
– Argumentative
Intention
Communicative
Recounts events that just happened.
Describes how objects, people, places, animals, feelings, etc. are.
Is unchanged the words of characters.
Explains how some objective facts.
Defends and expresses ideas and opinions.
Replies to: What? How? What do they say? Why is that? What do I think? What do you think?
Models: Novels, short stories, news, travel guides, letters, journals, plays, stories, dialogues, interviews, articles, opinion articles, press reviews, etc.
Type of language:
– Action verbs.
– Abundance of adjectives.
– Clear, direct language.
– Verbs of opinion.
Elements of a narrative:
FRAME: Where and when all this occurred?
NARRATOR: Who is telling the story?
PLOT: In what order do things happen?
CHARACTERS: Who stars in the story? Starring: The speck of dust.
The secondary characters are the companions of the speck.
How to organize a narrative?
Introduction: Presentation of character in a certain framework.
There once was a speck of dust so alone, so alone, he was bored at home with the rich girl…
Development: The speck gets bored and moves to another house.
Final: Outcome of the story… and was happy there because he met…