Understanding Bandwidth, Coaxial Cable, and Fiber Optics
Bandwidth
This speed should be understood as the ability to send and receive bandwidth information provided by the telephone company. The bandwidth is the amount of information that can be transmitted through a connection per unit time. It is usually measured in bits per second. The more bandwidth, the more data can be sent and received.
A connection with high bandwidth is one that can carry enough information to sustain the succession of images in a video presentation. Communication is usually a succession of connections, each with its own bandwidth. If one of these connections is much slower than the rest, it acts as a bottleneck, causing slowdowns in communication.
The frequency range that allows a channel to pass successfully, expressed in Hz, is calculated as follows:
BW = Δf = fcs (upper cutoff) – fci (lower cutoff)
Expressed in bytes per second (B/s), megabytes per second (MB/s), or gigabytes per second (GB/s). It is calculated by multiplying the working frequency of the bus, in cycles per second, by the number of bytes transferred in each cycle.
Typically, the bandwidth is nothing but a set of consecutive frequencies.
The category of wiring is associated with the bandwidth that it can support, and applications are associated with the transmission speed.
The largest possible bandwidth is defined in the proposed standard for Category 6A.
The supply of network applications on the transmission speed is still mainly in the following transmission speeds: 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1,000 Mbps (1 GB), and 10,000 Mbps (10 GB). This applies to the most widely used scheme, Ethernet. The higher transmission speeds can be as defined in the 10 GB standard.
A baseband signal is a single transmission channel, meaning you take more than one signal and each transmitting on different channels to its maximum number of channels.
Problems that Arise in the Bandwidth
Often, connectivity problems come from failed components, adverse weather, or simply a configuration problem.
Open Proxies
A proxy server should be configured to only accept connections from the network’s college, not from the rest of the Internet.
Coaxial Cable
The cable consists of an inner conductor (cylindrical) separated from another outer conductor cable by insulating rings or solid insulation. All this is covered by another layer of insulation that is the sheath of the cable.
This cable, although it is more expensive than twisted pair, can be used over a longer distance with higher transmission speeds, less interference, and allows you to connect more stations. It is often used for long-distance telephony, local area networks, connecting peripherals at a short distance, etc. It is used to transmit analog or digital signals. Its main drawbacks are attenuation, thermal noise, and intermodulation noise.
For analog signals, an amplifier is needed every few kilometers, and for digital signals, repeaters are needed every mile.
Relationship Between Category, Transmission Speed, and Bandwidth
- 6A (proposal): 10,000 Mbps (10 GB) up to 90 m; 1,000 Mbps (1 GB) up to 90 m; 100 Mbps up to 90 m; 10 Mbps up to 90 m; 500 MHz
- 6e (not considered by standards): 10,000 Mbps (10 GB) up to 50 m in some manufacturers; 1,000 Mbps (1 GB) up to 90 m; 100 Mbps up to 90 m; 10 Mbps up to 90 m; 350 MHz in some manufacturers
- 6: 1,000 Mbps (1 GB) up to 90 m; 100 Mbps up to 90 m; 10 Mbps up to 90 m; 250 MHz
- 5e: 1,000 Mbps (1 GB) up to 90 m; 100 Mbps up to 90 m; 10 Mbps up to 90 m; 100 MHz
For applications up to 10 GB, the ideal solution is the use of the Category 6A proposal.
- The Category 6A is recommended to support the most current and future applications within the lifetime of the cabling, which is 15 years. It offers the possibility of communications at speeds up to 10 GB at stations with distances up to 90 meters.
- The Category 6e is not recommended because there will never be a draft or a standard for this category. So it is a fictitious category, which is not really based on a standard, it is simply a Category 6 “improved”. One problem is that each manufacturer defines, under its own criteria and not under a standard, the scope of the word “improved”.
- The Category 6 can be used as long as the lifetime of the building that it will serve is not more than five years. This is because by 2012 it is expected that most applications will require the transmission capacity of 10 GB (10,000 Mbps).
- The Category 5e should be used only in existing buildings with existing infrastructure. You must use when requesting changes, moves, or additions, as is the narrower category. Chances are that all the infrastructure in Category 5e should be replaced in the short or medium term to have the capacity to support future applications.
In conclusion, the definition of the category to use depends entirely on the type of application that is expected to accommodate the infrastructure at present and in the future. Category 6A (proposal) for Ethernet applications up to 10 GB is recommended for current applications and those that will come within the next few years. Category 6 is recommended for buildings with a useful life of less than five years. Category 5e and 6e are not recommended for being outdated, limited, or nonexistent.
Fiber Optic
An optical fiber consists of an extremely thin glass cylinder, called the nucleus, covered by a layer of concentric glass, known as the coating. The fibers are sometimes made of plastic. Plastic is easier to install but cannot bear the light pulses over distances as great as glass.