| LAB 10 – PT vs. TC | | |
| Practical Transcription (PT) | Transfers the sounds of a foreign name; consistent, rule-based; uses standardized letter correspondences. | RL Заболотный → EL Zabolotny |
| Traditional Correspondence (TC) | Uses historical, non-regular spelling rooted in cultural tradition, often unrelated to phonetics. | RL Иоанн → EL John |
| Where TC is common | Anthroponyms, figures of history, politics, culture, religion, mythology; toponyms; astronomical names. | Евгений Онегин → Eugene Onegin |
| TC priority | TC overrides PT for well-known names. | Микеланджело → Michelangelo |
| Mixed PT/TC cases | Some names have both a regular and a traditional form; choice depends on text type. | Афины → Athens (TC) vs. Athina (PT-style modern Greek) |
| Chaikovsky vs. Tchaikovsky | Chaikovsky = PT, Tchaikovsky = TC | — |
| LAB 11 – Foreign-language PN | | |
| Serious texts (legal, official, business) | Preserve original spelling including diacritics. | Brontë, Göteborg, Dvořák |
| Informal texts | Diacritics often removed for convenience and readability. | “Visiting Malmo this weekend” (instead of Malmö) |
| Translating East Asian names | Avoid ad hoc phonetic approximations; avoid PT; use official romanization (pinyin, romaji, RR/MR for Korean). | CN 王芳 → Wang Fang, JP たなか → Tanaka, KR 김지현 → Kim Ji-hyeon |
| Cyrillic → English (UA/BE differences) | Follow modern nationally standardized rules; sounds may correspond differently. | Ганна → Hanna, Юрій → Yurii |
| Russian names in UA/BE | Use transposition (adapt spelling to the receiving language). | RU Sergey → UA Serhii |
| LAB 12 – Russian Anthroponyms | | |
| Naming systems | RL = First + Patronymic + Surname; EL = First + Surname. | Dmitry Olegovich Kozlov → Dmitry Kozlov |
| No Anglicisation | Do NOT replace a name with an English equivalent. | Егор → Egor (NOT George) |
| Russian name derivatives | Diminutives are NOT translated; choose a neutral base form. | Саша → Sasha (NOT Alex) |
| Patronymics in official text | MUST be retained. | Irina Valentinovna Korina (UN report) |
| Patronymics in media | Replace with Mr./Ms./Dr. + surname in media contexts. | “Ms. Petrova commented…” (for Ирина Владимировна Петрова) |
| Female surnames | Translate using the masculine base form to avoid the impression of different families. | Maria Sidorova + Anton Sidorov → Mr. and Mrs. Sidorov |
| Plural surnames | Use either a plural noun or an appositive. | “the Vinogradovs” / “the Belyakov sisters” |
| Dynastic surnames | Use “The House of + Surname.” | дома Романовых → the House of Romanov |
| Foreign-origin surnames in Russia | Keep the Russian spelling, not the original-language spelling. | Шульц → Shults (NOT Schulz) |
| LAB 13 – Appositives | | |
| Functional appositives | Denote titles, ranks, positions, occupations; usually no article in official/neutral styles. | “Deputy Minister Lagunov met reporters” |
| Functional appositive with definite article | Used in fiction or stylistically marked contexts. | “The old carpenter Fyodor entered quietly” |
| Temporal appositive | Hyphenated RU → English “as” construction. | Толстой-публицист → “Tolstoy, as a publicist…” |
| Framing constructions | Title + Name + of + Country/Place; used with monarchs, heads of state, and top political roles. | “President Duarte of Chile visited Copenhagen” |
| Limiting appositive | Identifies a unique person; use the. | “the engineer Pavel Lebedev who designed the bridge” |
| Non-limiting appositive | Adds non-essential description; use a/an, set off by commas. | “Anna, a promising violinist, won the contest” |
| Article variation | For detailed official positions: zero or definite article depending on formality. | “(the) chief legal adviser Alex Morin…” |
| Appositive with possessive base | If structure includes friend/neighbor/pupil → indefinite article required. | “Sergey, a friend of Marina’s, joined us” |
| LAB 16 – Derived Adjectives from PN | | |
| Meaning in RL | Derivatives express belonging, association, or characteristic traits. | — |
| Possessive vs adjective | English prefers ’s for ownership or when terms would be unclear as adjectives. | Карамзинские заметки → Karamzin’s notes |
| Use of -ian | Neutral stylistic/academic derivation. | Толкинистский подход → Tolkienian approach |
| Use of -ist | Denotes ideology or approach. | Ленинские принципы → Leninist principles |
| Use of -esque | Indicates a style reminiscent of the name-bearer. | чеховская атмосфера → Chekhovesque atmosphere |
| When to avoid suffixes | When the adjective form is unnatural or confusing → use the possessive. | Мясковские идеи → Myaskov’s ideas |
| Terminological forms | Use established English scientific adjectives. | Эйнштейнова физика → Einsteinian physics |
| Figurative meaning | Use established metaphorical terms. | Ахиллесова пята → Achilles’ heel |
| Institutional names | Never use derived adjectives; use Name + Institution/Prize/Award. | Купринская премия → Kuprin Prize |
| Events | Use Name + Conference/Forum/Readings. | Бродские чтения → Brodsky Readings |
| Ambiguity handling | If no English tradition exists → choose possessive or paraphrase. | Смирновская библиотека → Smirnov’s Library |
