The Second Spanish Republic: Reforms, Challenges, and the Road to Civil War
CONSTITUTION OF 31: The establishment of the Republic following the election results of April 12, is produced in a European framework characterized by democratic backsliding and the implica WallStreet crisis of 1929. In Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union was reaffirmed as a new form of organization of state and economy, apart from the capitalist economic crisis. The Second Spanish Republic seeks to establish a regiemn regeneracionalista, democratic, decentralized and secular inspiration and takes place in a Spain that is confronted in two blocks: irreconcilable amid strong union mobilization and a traditionalist reaction. We performed a partial modification of the electoral law of 1907 stores in 23 years the age for voting. Moreover constituencies are changed so that you increase the core of deputies elected by majority system. In the disunion of the right gives a remarkable election victory to leftist candidates. The reformist politca must continue the work of the Provisional Government. Stresses the increase in escadren obtained by the PSOE and Republican parties. The Republican parties and provide a sense anticlerical autonomist and PSOE an extension of the rights, guarantees of public services and the questioning of the desirability of private property. Elections held the first meeting of Cortes took place on 14 Juio 1931 as a tribute to the R-French. The republican constitution focuses on relations between the Church and the new regime as well as the new territorial distribution of power. It was approved in December 1931 by an overwhelming majority and was composed of 9 titles and 125 articles. FEATURES:-Bill of Rights: sets out the rights and freedoms including economic and social content. – National sovereignty: All power emanates from the people. President of the Republic is elected for a term of 6 years by the members. Are exempted from the election of the first President Alcala Zamora was replaced by Manuel Azaña. The presidency of the Republic may dissolve the courts twice but must justify it to the camera. -The Executive: The dualistic character comprises the President of the Republic and the Government. -Representation System: The legislative branch consists of a single bed called the Congress of Deputies or Courts, elected by all men and women over 23 years. The woman reaches for the first time in Spain the right to vote. Permanent e-Diputacion legislative initiative: The Courts ruled by a deputation sob permanent legislative initiative recognizes the popular character. -Judiciary: There shall be a Supreme Court and other constitutional guarantees, whose presidents are elected by Parliament. -Structure: This ensures the autonomy of the regions in the framework of a comprehensive state that tried to pass both traditional models of territorial organization of power, military and federal. -State-Church Relations: For the first time in the history of the Spanish Constitution a separation between church and state. Spain is declared a secular republic.
Note also the modification of the colors of the flag as a symbol of desire for transformation, The suppression of the privileges and chieftaincy and land reform.
The first constitutional government is formed under the chairmanship of Manuel Azaña whose work can be analyzed from the initiatives taken in various areas. Rural proletarian masses yearn for distribution of land to enjoy the fruits of their labor. This desire is manifested in events such as once of several guards Castiblanco where civilians are executed by farmers and those of Arnedo.
In febrerode 1932, discusses a project that aims to: – The disappearance of large estates, the penalty of absentee ownership and the granting of a stimulus to productive effort. For the implementation of agrarian reform created the Institute for Agrarian Reform. But the end result is sobering. The Republic is to lessen the influence of the Catholic Church in society and in education. Among the laws that affect church-state relationship should be pointed out: “Confiscation Act part of the assets of the Compa
Jesus-Nia of civil marriage law, divorce law and law-cementerios. Secularization of religious congregations Act marks the end of the teaching. This law is the reason why Alcalá Zamora dissolved the Parliament first. The influence of the Church is still present and is the inspiration of the Accion Popular political force that became the nucleus of the Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rights sharing the government with the Radical Republican Party Lerroux. CATALONIA: The development of constitutional principles deriving the integral and autonomous state satisfies Catalan nationalist forces. The approval of the Statute of Autonomy is carried out in 1932. BASQUE COUNTRY: The religion is the engine of autonomy as the Republic moves away from the Inglesia. Such distancing is the collaboration between the two during the early years of the Republic. The first draft contains an autonomy with a capacity to establish relations with the Vatican and causes rejection of the project. In 1932 the Basque-Navarre 4 MPs are preparing a new statute that is not voted through Navarre. GALICIA: The figure of Alfonso Rodriguez that performs the task based on the translation of the Galician Statute. The start of the Civil War and the controlling of the national forces impede implementation. ANDALUCIA: Blasinfonte is the undisputed leader of the Andalusians. Calls for the reform in the Andalusian countryside and contributes to the development of the Andalusian Center. EDUCATION AND CULTURE: Republican leaders adopt a secular school model of education, public and free. Its goal is the replacement of the Church by the State. The social-azanide gorbierno develops an approach consisting in building schools and raising the salary of teachers who become paid by the State. A local councils are required to the provision of solar and the financing of part of the construction of schools. In secondary education DUPIC the number of high school students. We arrived right at the power represents a major endowment to the university budget. The measures are complemented Regenerationists pedagogical missions as well as with the collaboration of intellectuals such as Federico Garcia Lorca. In shortThe Government is socially azanide realize the motto of Joaquin Costa regenerationist school and pantry. POLICY WORK: The objective of the Ministry of Labor’s industrial relations tune with the Constitution because this sets many social rights. To this end several initiatives are adopted as the law of employment contracts are regulated by collective agreements, the right to strike and vacation days. Mixed juries law is approved in 1931 by the Congress of Deputies and was up to each local provincial and national levels. It is also extending benefits to pensioners, the health insurance to women on maternity period and indepnizaciones by accidents.