The Second Spanish Republic: From Reform to Revolution (1931-1936)
GOVERNMENT OF LEFT AND REFORM (1931-1933)
The 1st gov. And constitutional, with Miguel Azana as prime minister and ministers of the PSOE and Action Repu.
Highlights:
August 1932 – Military coup in Seville San Jurjo fail. September 1932 – Approval 2 laws + important-Catalan Autonomy Statute. Law to reform.
September 1933 – Azana resigns from the events of”Casas Viejas,”replaced by Diego Martinez Barrio. November 1933 – New elections, earning the right. The party was voted ACEDE + (Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rights) led by Jose Maria Gil Robles. The 2nd was the Radical Party led by Alejandro Le Roux.
“Separation of church and state.
“No official religion. Suppression of Clergue.
-Dissolution and expulsion of the Jesuits. Had a greater influence and better schools. The excuse to expel them was that they had the votes of direct obedience to the pope, and his orders are superior to anyone, even the government and the Spanish authorities.
-Prohibition of exercise teaching the Clergue (to avoid indoctrination).
He passes the law of civil marriage and divorce.
Civil-Law approved cemeteries.
-Nationalization of all religious monuments.
Facts:-Alcala
Zamora resigned for “Groups anticlericales. Measures relating to extreme left.
, Burning of convents and Churches.-Expulsion of Cardinal Segura, who is accused of conspiring against the Repu.
Army Reforms
While he was minister of war Azana (reigned provisional)
Intended with this reform neutralize the officers and chiefs who were mostly monarchists, reduce the number of Oficial.
Measurements:-Cancellation of promotion by merit of war, involving the military-Dar africanista. The possibility to officers and chiefs to retire on the salary integro. “No suppression of the Guardia Civil, but creation of the Assault Guards of conviction Repu.
Agrarian Reform
Ley de Bases de la Reforma Agraria-September 1932
The State could expropriate large land estates (with indemmizaciónes) and its distribution to individual or collective farm. It was slow and budget escaso.Solo lands were 12,000 laborers.
This hopelessness hungry day laborers in southern Spain and influenced by the anarchists began to occupy land illegally.
The government ordered that kick people occupy those houses.
Houses”anarchists Viejas” “The laborers and their families occupied lands of Cadiz and refused to abandon them. The Civil Guard had orders to take them out and had orders to ‘belly shot.” They all died. Head of the occupants,””Six fingers
This event led to resign and tube Azana consequences in elections of 33
The owners founded a political party, the Agrarian Party, which will have some relevance in the next Parliament.
During the center-right government of the second biennium strike land reform.
Regional autonomy
The counters. Of the 31 permitted areas who wanted one could be in autonomies.
In Catalonia formed a provisional Government to draft a statute of autonomy, which was presented in a referendum in Catalonia and was voted for by ¾ of the electorate.
Once approved it led to the Congress of Deputies.
Set 32 – The Court approves, Comunidad Autonoma
Elections are held in Catalonia and the largest party is Left Repu. Catalonia and the first president of the Generalitat is Frcesc. Macia, 1 year + later at his death was replaced by Lluis Companys.
Oct 34–
Building on the revolutionary outbreak against the central government. Lluis Companys, proclaims the Catalan state within the Repu. Spanish Federal, na proclamation of independence was, in a few hour the government of Catalonia was arrested and suspended Catalan autonomy.
In early 36 the court of constitutional guarantees and remove this suspension Companys and his companions returned to rule in the Catalan autonomy.
Basque Country–
Will get its autonomous status after the Civil War started, his 1st Lehendakari was Jose Antonio Aguirre.
Galicia–
Will get their autonomous status during the Civil War, but its self-government was never implemented.
Education and Culture
Education-During the biennium, invested heavily in education, especially in primary schools and teacher training.
Culture-During the Repu, agree a large number of intellectuals: Unamuno, Baroja, Azorin (gene 98)
Labor movement during the Repu
Secretary General of the UGT – Frco. Largo Caballero, was minister left government work.
Anarchists gave their aapoyo left the government. But the slow pace of land reform and especially to stop its support of older homes.
10,000 anarchists imprisoned at the end of the biennium from left.
THE GOVERNMENT OF CENTRAL DERCHO. BLACK BIENNIUM
Elections are held (Nov 33), victorious parties of right and center.
3 games with the most votes: – The CEDA (Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rights), Jose Maria Gil Robles. 115 Deputies. “The Radical Party of Alexander LeRoux. 102 diputads. -PSOE, 61 deputies.
-Causes of victory:
This time the monarchists were to vote en masse. Anarchists called for abstention to yours. The right-wing coalition presented. Electoral system favored them.
Alejandro le Roux as prime minister and all ministers of the Radical party.
Gil Robles is committed to giving support to the government of the CEDA.
Alcala Zamora did not want the government to tilt too much toward the right, so goes the radicals in charge of the government.
During the government stops radical land reform.
He granted amnesty to the rebels of the 32 (Sanjurjada.)
Removing Leroux, give the Samper government.
OCTOBER 34 –
Gil Robles, withdraws support of Samper and pirde CEDA (required), enter the new government.
With this crisis, the president called again Rep. Govern Leroux. And this government is coming in 3 CEDA ministers (minst G.Robls-War).
34 UGT and PSOE Octbr revolutionary general strike convened. Largo Caballero, the strike prentendra seize power. The Government restored the situation in 2 days, except in Asturias.
Lluis Companys, President of the Generalitat. Catalan independent state within the Federal Republic Esp. It was a declaration of independence. The army will have to intervene and the government of Genrlitt will be arrested.
Revol Asturiana “The workers get weapons and to control the entire region.
To end the Asturian revolution will bring the army in Morocco, who defeated the rebels, 200muertos.
In subsequent investigations, Largo Caballero, a cop-out, while the communists and anarchists, were submitted to the proletariat as the protagonists and as the heroes of this revolution. What gave them great popularity, especially the Communists, which until now was a small party.
Radical-CEDA government take a more right-wing.
Octubre 35 – falls on the government by Alejnd Leroux Estraperlo scandal (Strauss and pearl bribed to 3 Ministers to put radical roulette trick). Alcala Zamora called for new elections.
The 1936 elections and the popular Front government
In the left wins elections were presented in coalition, the ‘popular front’. They got 286 seats. 132 The radical right and 2 match.
The difference in ratings was minimal, but the electoral benefit to left.
-Reasons for the victory from left: There were anarchists together and called the vote to the popular front.
Once won, the popular front: I attach the political amnesty to nearly 30.000prisioneros political, and again restored Generalitat Companys, starts of new land reform.
Courts vote Alcala Zamora’s removal, Azana is elected as new president, and this makes as president of the popular front government Casares Quiroga.
During the 36 increases conflict and violence, especially by anarchists strikes, land occupation by starving laborers, the burning of convents, the Sables”Noise”(the military is ‘move’ increasingly suspected of a military coup), and Falangists (grps derechs) and grups from left are dead in the street.
Between Feb 36 and June Der 36-262 murders and Left
This climate of violence is compounded when a right-wing group killed a lieutenant of the guard for assault, called Castillo and his fellow left presents the house of a deputy and national bloc, Jose Calvo Sotelo and kill him.
His death accelerates, what is already being prepared, the military coup.