The Role of the Technical Department in a Manufacturing Company
1. The company. Definition and organization, type of business and functions of each department area. • Is the organization of human, material and financial resources that offer products and services. The company objectives are to identify and satisfy market needs for cost–
Effectiveness and increase productivity by increasing the ratio of production achieved and the factors used. • The organizational functions and hierarchies defined in each area or department. The various functions in the company are divided into: * Directives: predict, control, coordinate and organize. * Management: accounting, financial and HR * Commercial: market research, procurement, marketing, advertising and sales. Technique: research, design and project.
2. Type of production and manufacturing. Effectiveness, efficiency and competitiveness. • Manufactured in mass or series of equal products, undifferentiated, with low-skilled specialist staff. The internal organization is divided into vertical and pyramid charts with multiple levels of management and low responsiveness to the changing environment • Flexible Manufacturing batch of similar products, differentiated, skilled and versatile staff. Implementation of quality circles and continuous improvement groups. The internal organization is horizontal organizational structure, functional or highly responsive to changes in the environment. • Efficiency: is the action that produces the desired effect on the achievement of objectives. • Efficiency: the achievement of objectives at the lowest possible cost associated with on the final cost. Is measured by production capacity per unit of labor. • Competitiveness: ability to provide a product or service with the right quality at lower cost, with the best service and technological innovation.
3. The technical function in the company. The operation of the company includes a set of activities that fall into four main functions: policy, administrative, commercial and technical. Depending on the size of the company, these functions are spread more or less specialized departments. • In the craft all the above functions would be developed by the same person. • In a large multinational, each of these functions or activities could result in a department or section.
4. Differences in the technical office work for companies that demand forecasting and companies that work order. Companies working on forecasting demand, plan their production and design of new products from market research, determining their characteristics and volume of production prior to the completion of the sale or introduction of any contact with the buyer . Generally, mass production methods used for the manufacture of large series. From the technical point of view economic action is based on a succession of new products aimed at improving value for money. The engineering department becomes vital to ensure growth and survival of the company. Companies working on demand, they operate from the study of a specific customer needs. The design and construction plans are made after the order. Generally, using flexible production systems or poorly automated. In this case the operation of the technical office is different. Generally the work is done once and for a known client. The degree of definition of the product or work to be done can be very variable.
5. Value of the technical department with other departments of the company. • Sales Department 1. The relationship with clients: specifications, costs, time.2. Sets the basic characteristics of the products design. 3. Decide how much to produce and the selling price. • Service / after-sales customer support 1. It collects complaints and claims from customers, leads to improvements in design. 2. Suggests changes in design from the point of view of maintenance. 3. Reports on the main types of faults and how to address them in design. • Purchasing Department 1. Provides technical information on products or services available on the market. 2. Determines the cost of the goods or services 3. Set delivery dates (critical for planning and meeting deadlines) • Methods and times 1. Define manufacturing processes from design and specifications of the technical office. 2. Establishes the most profitable methods of producing a product. Technical department advises on modifications to reduce product costs. 3. Perform time studies, necessary for planning and budget. • Office planning and coordination 1. Set release dates and job completion. 2. Coordinates all elements of the production department and establishing relationships with other departments. • Quality control 1. Fixed the test or tests to be performed according to the specifications given by the OT 2. Proposes alternative solutions to improve product quality. • Plant Engineering 1. Establishing the optimum arrangement of the elements for the manufacture of a new product from the office information technology and the process undertaken by the office of methods. • Manufacturing 1. Sets the major means of production available and attached to the engineering department as major constraints to the implementation of a job. • Accounting 1. Performs cost analysis.
6. Design and security design. Three basic and key skills in engineering design. There is a constant duality between the design of facilities and / or unique products and design of manufactured products continued. Regardless of the type of product, the three basic keys to a good engineering design are as follows: 1. Design that meets and exceeds customer expectations (flexible and modular) 2. Design that facilitates automation (CAD / CAM / CAE. Aided by computer) 3. Design that reduces the cost of materials (engineering and ecological value) 7. Design and security design. Design assurance functions. Regardless of the type of product, the three basic keys to a good engineering design are as follows: “that meet and exceed customer expectations” To facilitate the automation, to reduce the cost of materials FUNCTIONS 1. Usual situation of Design Engineering. • Unit to conceive lonely • Unit with more professionals with high academic standards. * Specific objectives of R + D + i (research, development and innovation) • Launch new products • Building plans and material lists • Create specifications * It must ensure that: • The design responds to customer requirements • Changes to designs that are given throughout the process are valid in the face: o The ability to manufacture or performance or reliability or security 2. Market and customer first two ties so I + D + i is connected to the outside are: • Marketing: on customer requirements • Regulations applicable in each case: law, corporate and internal quality standards 3. Purchases Three concepts to consider for design: • Price of materials and components Lack of benefits. Quality is fitness for use not luxury or waste. Application of value analysis: A technique that reduces the cost of a product or improving performance without increasing cost.• Term Difficulty in obtaining supplies of components and materials, the lack of security providers or the development of strict rules that generate multiple rejections. • Standardization of components has to have a catalog of preferred use materials developed by R & D, manufacturing and purchasing. 4. Manufacturing (Production) I + D + i is to develop products that could be made repeatedly. To do this you must know the manufacturing capacity and investment opportunities in new facilities. There must be a strong and permanent contact between the two areas. 5. Post Sale is vital for continuous improvement as accurately • Reports of product failures • Report regularly on the most frequent failures • Define systematic failures has been to establish a channel to read the parts after sales information, filtering mass information and generating an analysis and useful information for R + D + i 6. Technical Documentation I + D + i Many times the success of good shopping and manufacturing depends on: • The quality of the documentation issues I + D + i • The plans and specifications must be clear and detailed. • In sufficient standard products with the designation of the standard, but non-standard products must include all necessary information that uniquely identify the product. • With the above documentation, manufacturing engineering manufacturing process creates and develops chips and operations phases. 7. Design Change Request develop a procedure for the design change request. • It can detect an error or improvement of product manufacture or purchase and must be possible to refer to R + D + i a request to amend the original design. • The application must be in standard internal document by the company. • The application must be resolved between R + D + i department proposing such an amendment. 8. Summarizing the technical office of engineering and design is the area responsible for: • Design of new products • Creation of plans and specifications • Modifications on the original design to carry out its mission must take into account many factors that influence design and three rules guarantee basic final design. • Formal review of projects • Standardization • Thorough control of documentation 8. Industrial property and legal protection. Forms of industrial property. Set of exclusive rights that protect innovative activity manifested in new products, processes or designs, such as commercial activity through the identification of the exclusive products and services offered in the market. Industrial property is covered by different legislation relating to patents and trademarks and similar. The Spanish Patent and Trademark Office (SPTO) is an organization that provides protection to the various types of industrial property. * Patent inventions must be new, global absolute and involve an inventive step and industrial applicability. * Utility models are new inventions, which also involve an inventive step, but in this case is a minor invention, in giving an object a shape that is advantageous for its use or manufacture. * Industrial Model Any object that can serve as a type or description for the manufacture of a product, and can be detected by their structure, configuration or representation. * All available industrial drawing or set of lines or colors applied to commercial or ornamental. * Make Any sign or material of any kind, which serves to identify and distinguish from other similar products and services. * Trade name names of individuals, entities or companies of any kind, engaged in business.* Business sign with the label which is called a settlement. 9. The engineering firm. Policy areas. When a company requires technical knowledge or technology assessment can appeal to engineering firms. Its main function is to provide the knowledge necessary to develop a product, process or service. Engineering firms cover three major areas: technical, economic and management. 1. Intersection of technical, economic and management execution and project management / execution of pre / Project Management / Writing of tenders / procurement in general 2. Intersection of technical and economic evaluation of alternative / feasibility studies 3. Intersection of economic management and economic planning and financial / cost control and investment 4. Intersection of technical and management Inspection and Quality Control / Oversight / Security Plans and Programs / Startup and reception 5. Technical Research, development and innovation (R + D + i) / Studies, technical reports / Preparation of plans / Technical / Operational Manuals (instruction manuals) / maintenance and repair manuals 6. Economic Economic and financial / cost studies / Quotes and budgets 7. Total Coordination Management / Planning and Scheduling / Order Tracking / Obtaining permits, licenses … / Project Management 10. Process engineering, basic engineering and development engineering (including engineering details.) Engineering process is one that defines the know-how (information obtained from R & D) and develops, evaluates and designs production processes generating all the necessary information for basic engineering. Draft that defines 1. Study of the process. Process Design Basis 2. Material and energy balance 3. Flowchart 4. Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams 5. Equipment 6. Full specifications of equipment and basic engineering instruments is defined as the set of documents that clearly define the project scope and cost more unfavorable in a given environment. 1. Production and storage areas 2. Areas of general and auxiliary services 3. Social area 4. Means of production 5. Organization of the means of production 6. Organization of production cycles 7. Organization of production control engineering development is divided into subsets (packages), it is responsible for construction management. 1. Detailed engineering infrastructure, architecture and construction, structures and foundations, mechanical and plumbing, electrical and instrumentation and control. 2. Procurement and contracts management 3. Supervision of construction and assembly 4. Commissioning of the project 11. Types of project contracting with engineering firms. The engineering firm may be involved in client-supplier relationship by two different ways: • Recruitment exclusive engineering services: Customer or developer requires only engineering technical advice, leaving the outside of the contract between client and supplier. • Turnkey Contracts: The engineering firm does all the work: projects, procurement and construction management, acting as an intermediary between the sponsor and supplier. The customer only has to make the necessary disbursements, as agreed in the contract with engineering. 12. Static and dynamic structure in an engineering company. The sales department in selling and engineering staff should know the services offered by the engineering costs and delivery times. The purchasing department orders and makes it easier for other departments prices across the range of products and services.The operating department performs engineering tasks themselves, we monitor the internet job, This department is divided into sections grouped by specialty (structures, electricity …). This structure corresponds to the so-called static structure of the company. When you receive a commission structure becomes dynamically forming working groups, the head of which is responsible for appointing a maximum, the project director. 13. Requirements for the free exercise of the profession and contributions of the industrial engineer. The free exercise of the profession equivalent to that developed by a self-employed. It is therefore required to be in possession of a license tax by paying the business tax, and do, in the period specified by law, the corresponding income statement, as a professional. The requirements needed to perform the exercise of the profession are: • To hold the title of Industrial Engineer. • Must be registered in a public school. • Have the appropriate license tax. 14. Concept of projects and project systems theory. Project: Design, draw, dispose of or propose a plan and the means to carry one thing. Project: result of the action project. Design or thought of doing something. We can say then that a project when we have the idea of doing something, and we have defined the project when we sum up this idea and how to implement it. Systemic theory of the project: the system is defined set of interrelated elements that remain effectively sets complicated. Systems theory was born to explain certain biological processes, but its scope was expanded rapidly to the scientific and technological development. 15. Project classification according to their purpose and content. Following the end of the Project: • Project implementation material: Its primary aim is to fully define all its parts. Construction project which is the basis for implementation. • Project administrative and Legalization: The basic aim is to obtain a permit, license, authorization or patent. In this type of project is not necessary to give a complete definition of all elements but those details deemed most important from the standpoint of the organism it occurs. Legalization projects are those whose object is to obtain a license or a government agency. Upon its content: • Industrial Goods Projects: They can be: • consumption, domestic oriented economies and to final consumption. • In capital goods, for the manufacture of products, consumption and other goods. Can be classified into: I. Project engineering (electrical, mechanical). II. Devices / circuits. III. Useful tools. IV. Containers / tanks. • Installation Projects: No components are designed, but the way to go related to each other. Turn can be divided into electrical, refrigeration … • Project Process: Defines the operations and all necessary machinery to carry out the manufacturing process. • Industrial Plant Project: It includes the previous projects. The main objective is the physical layout of the process and facilities and the construction project. Includes development project within the plant, with delineation of streets, sewers … • Industrial estate projects: development projects for the location of a concentration of industries. In these projects the industry and services: water, sewer … • Project Management: Those whose goal is not something material, but may consist of a large company management, accounting, etc..They may also be included in this group projects health and safety and fire safety programs. 16. Phases and methodology in the design development process. The phases of a project under the different levels of detail of the proposed solutions. Comprise two major periods: the preparation and implementation. The preparatory phase aims to clear all the uncertainties raised before moving to implementation, in turn comprises three phases: • Preliminary Study (Feasibility and order of magnitude) during which investigates whether the project is viable. • Draft: during which examines possible solutions and choose one of them. • Project: during which the choice is developed to the last detail in the form of technical specifications, performance programs, financing plans and overall project organization. Methodology. Logical Process: Definition, Synthesis, Analysis and Optimization. O Definition: Related to the study of necessity. Is to establish: the problem data (inputs), the desired outcomes or objectives (outputs), an approach to the structure of the system, limitations and conditions affecting both the inputs and the outputs. Or Synthesis: Related to the proposal of one or more solutions, you must allow: to identify possible internal configurations, the characteristics of components, assembly or sub-systems, internal consistency conditions. O Analysis: Related to the finding that the results obtained by applying the data to the proposals of the synthesis meet the desired objectives. O Optimization: Related to the selection of that solution from the proposals, which meet the objectives to maximize or minimize a function or economic variable associated with the project. 17. Project definition techniques. Sources of information. By order of performance for the project, you might say are: • Consultation with the Promoter or Client. • Consultation with providers, catalogs and brochures. • Consultation with agencies to provide permits or licenses. • Rules and Regulations. • Projects or similar problems already solved. • Consultation with experts. • Consultations literature and the www 18. Project definition techniques. Creative techniques. On one project you can define many types of systems, this will depend on our level of information, training and experience. To assist in the definition phase there are a number of techniques known as creativity, such as: • Brainstorming. • Synesthesia. • Delphi Method. • morphological tables. • List of issues. • Structures of intent. 19. Determinants of the project (technical, economic and management). Both the objectives, limitations and constraints that define the implementation of a project respond to a set of factors can be grouped into three groups: • Technical factors: a) Functional: Referring to issues such as the terms of use, shape, dimensions, volume, etc. B) Safety: Relative to all necessary measures to protect people and things about the risks of systems and their environment. C)
Reliability
Concerning the probability of a system to perform the functions for which it was designed for a period of time. D) Ergonomics: Concerning the set of factors that include the adaptation of the characteristics of the machine to the anthropometric characteristics and habits and trends of use of man. E) Aesthetic: Referring to those areas that meet the spiritual needs of the designs or systems designed to maintain certain formal features of proportion, harmony and integration with the environment.• Economic factors: a) Costs: Both the installation and operation of systems. B) Financing: Regarding cash flows required at all times to help meet payments to be made in the development of a project. C) profits or margins: Relating to the desired or expected surplus which is held to promote the project. D) Guaranteed investment: Concerning the coverage level of risk assumed by the investor. • Factors relating to Project Management: a) Planning: Regarding the logistics required during the implementation phase. B) Timing: With reference to schedule. C) Permits and licenses: Concerning the set of mandatory requirements to be considered during the design development and implementation of the project necessary for obtaining a permit or license. 20. Exercises on economic viability of a project. VAN 21. Definition, types and reliability goals. Definition: A property of a device or system expressed by the likelihood of compliance with the required function for a period of time under given conditions. Types: According to the method of calculating the value of reliability can be defined three types: • Reliability theory: Calculate the overall reliability from the reliability of its components. • Estimated reliability or Intrinsic Action on a device being developed from a series of laboratory tests. • Operational reliability: Measurement on a system in operation phase. Objectives: The margin requirement for the systems in terms of reliability can arise in economic terms, setting the confidence level around the point of minimum operating cost. Graphically, the objectives of reliability in a project would be in the environment above the theoretical minimum. 22. Mean time between failure (MTBF). Mean Time Between Failure. MTBF. It applies to repairable systems bathtub curve 23. Ways of expressing reliability in project specifications. The reliability of a project is usually expressed indirectly by reference to any of the following criteria: • The warranty period: The specification of the warranty period will force the designer to choose the reliability of the components so that the average time to failure first failure or exceed the warranty period stipulated in the tender documents. • The average life of the system: expressed in number of cycles, kilometers, or cumulative production. This method is only usable if repeated on systems that have enough experience., • The possibility of an accident involving personal consequences should be minimal: The reliability is raised so as to have all the means necessary to avoid situations that could lead to accidents. It usually follows the principle that the probability of failure, under normal conditions, with implications for individuals should tend to zero or less than the probability of harm from natural causes. • The possibility of catastrophic failure must be remote: the likelihood of catastrophic irreversible should tend to zero (qualitatively impossible) for the expected life of operation, which means that the system needs to be repaired at all times. 24. The fault tree and its role in the analysis of reliability and safety. It is a technique that aims to provide the largest number of circumstances that could lead to potentially catastrophic situations. And for each of these situations will take place the following analysis: 1) Define the catastrophic event. 2) Identification of possible proximate causes. 3) Identification of possible causes of the above cases.4) Repeat the previous step until you reach a level of events whose probability of occurrence is known. 5) Construction of fault tree from the chains of events identified in the previous section related to logical and / o. 6) evaluation of the likelihood of catastrophic event from the probability of causing events. 25. Pert problem. 26. What is Health and Safety Study? Basic Study on Safety and Health. Health and Safety Plan. It is a technical document that effectively addresses the Prevention of Occupational Risks in a project of building or civil engineering, according to the specific regulation. Minimum safety and health in construction. It consists of: • Health and Safety Report: It tells what we do, how and when, what can happen and with what level of risk, and how and what to avoid. • Statement of Special Conditions Health & Safety: Details each and every one of the technical requirements for products for the prevention, standards to be used … • Measurements segregated Safety and Health: Breakdown of the measurements. • Measuring Aggregate Safety and Health. • Rates of S. Decomposed and S. • Rates S. Compounds and S. • Budget S. And S. • Budget Summary sheet S. And S. According to the decree, those construction sites that do not require Health and Safety Survey, must have a Basic Study of Safety and Health. Will be drafted by the Coordinator, or designee, at the planning stage in order to determine the methods needed to prevent accidents in a particular work. Consists only of the document Health and Safety Report. The Health and Safety Plan is an adaptation of the provisions contained in the Study of S. AND S. To the specific circumstances and building technology to each contract. The documents are the same as those for the Study of S. And S. But adapted to the environment in which to run the site. 27. Project management principle. Planning and monitoring. Project management principle: At the end stages of realization of the project’s characteristics have to provide all necessary actions so that it can be carried out with maximum effectiveness. Project management includes: • The determination of: a) Means and procedures. B) Calendar. C) Organization. • Establish controls to ensure program compliance. • Carry out the plan. Planning: It consists in having the media at the time and place necessary in order to perform the required tasks and to obtain registration of the data needed to verify the predictions, establishing controls and to perform, in case of default, new estimates. In general, planning is based on a calendar on which follows: technical, material and disbursements to be made. Monitoring: consist of checking compliance with the plans and gather information according to established management system. Regularly scheduled to be conducted meetings and obtained record reviews to check progress in terms of technical, time and cost. 28. The technical organization of a project and its functions. In order to successfully manage the project will be broken down into parts and turn them into subparts to a level suitable decomposition. The result is a tree diagram called inverted Technical Project Organization. We will establish the relationship and record of all project resources: • Full description of the project from least to greatest detail.• Provides a reference model for classifying and archiving of documents used. • The breakdown by level will give summaries of the information at the level needed. • Serve, on projects with multiple subcontractors, to establish the relationship of the internet job and their caretakers. • Manage the project, ie, make decisions and control. • Serve to get the exact cost, it will reach the level of decomposition that provides the most reliable historical information. 29. Logistics, purchasing and buying presentations. Logistics is defined as the process of planning, implementing and controlling the movement and storage in an efficient and cost effective raw materials, manufacturing and finished products and information relating thereto, from the point of origin to place of consumption, in order to act on customer needs. Is defined as provision of materials purchase to obtain fair, with the quality requirements specified in the right quantity, delivered at the right time and place scheduled, the right supplier with the right service and right price. 30. Recruitment. The recruitment process. Contracts are used to regulate the relationship between customer or client and the implementer of a custom work or nature whatsoever. Regardless of the type of contract and the time that takes place, recruitment is often carried out under the following process: • Preparation of the basis for the submission of tenders. • Tender and contract types. • Evaluation of tenders and selection of the contractor or supplier. (Award). • Recruitment. Contract. 31. Stages and documents in the execution of works and installations. 0.-technical and economic feasibility. Previous studies, supplies and connections. Draft. 1.-Development of the project. Index, memory, appended to the report, plans and technical specifications, economic, administrative and legal. Measurements and budget, specification of work units and services, materials and equipment. Study or basic study of safety and where appropriate environmental assessment report. 2.-Processing and legalization of the project. Visas, permits and licenses. COPITI, municipality, industry, environment. 3.-Project Management. Planning, programming and monitoring. Timetable and organization. 4.-recruitment process. Application and receipt of tenders. Table 5.-recruitment. Analysis of tenders. Award and signing of contracts. Bail application. 6.-plan reception or security plans of the work (contractors and subcontractors) 7.-endorsement of the book of orders (technical direction or optional) and logbook (security coordinator) 8.-site signage , Proceedings of layout and start of construction and monitoring. Certifications 9.-partial, total and fertilizer. 10.-Minutes of provisional acceptance. Act 11.-12.-Report final acceptance of Completion and return of deposit. Technical documentation and as built drawings. 32. NTE facilities regulations, NBE and CTE building technological standards (NTE) non-binding, passed in that decade, serving as the operational development of the NBE. Basic rules of the building (NBE) to the approval of the CTE, have been mandatory, giving range of NBE to the then current basic standards MV. CTE is configured as a formal regulatory framework that identifies, organizes and completes the existing technical regulations intended to facilitate implementation and enforcement, all in harmony with European standards. In addition, a performance-based approach, will seek to promote innovation and technological development in the building.33. Legalization of projects. Decree 59/2005 on the classification of establishments and industrial facilities. Law 59/2005 regulates the relationship between the competent authorities and individuals or companies involved in the implementation, expansion and renovation of industrial facilities. The not subject to administrative approval are dealing with the classification of establishments and industrial facilities. All who have known freedom for implementation, expansion or relocation. • Set up project or technical report, as appropriate, officially endorsed by school site management certificate endorsed by an official school, newsletters, certificates for security. “Documentation in duplicate-Register of industrial establishments in Andalusia REIA • Test facilities (provisional approval)-project or technical report stamped by an official school-Certified technician construction manager that the tests are done at your own risk. Maximum period of time. Hitch-Newsletters. • Deadline for approvals, activities and facilities within Annex: 20 minutes, activities and facilities outside of Annex: 20 days 34. Environmental impact assessment, environmental report and environmental qualification. The environmental impact assessment is the process of information gathering, analysis and prediction for anticipating, correct and prevent the possible effects that an action may have on the environment. The environmental report is the assessment by the competent environmental authority, the proposed protection measures and their adaptation to environmental regulations in force in the proceedings. The environmental assessment is the pronouncement of the municipalities, the adequacy of the actions to environmental legislation in force. 35. Basic documents of the project brief and purpose of each device UNE 157001-2002 • index • Report and supporting annexes are informative documents of the solutions adopted, from the standpoint of technical and economic. It is addressed to the client or project sponsor or the entity responsible for providing a permit or license. • Drawings are the graphic description of the solutions adopted, more or less detail depending on the type of project. • Specification is the document responsible for completing the graphic specifications to those that are best described with words. Besides completing client-contractor relationships and has not been sufficiently developed in terms of the contract. • measurement • State budget is the document manager to predict the cost of the project, more or less detail, also depending on the type of project. • Studies of its own that includes the study of health and safety and environmental impact assessment if applicable. 36. Project report and annexes. Brief description of report and annexes are informative documents supporting the solutions adopted, from the standpoint of technical and economic. It is addressed to the client or project sponsor or the entity responsible for providing a permit or license. 37. In a project which documents are binding? In a project are the drawings and specification documents are binding on the relationship between ownership and the builder, as such, is incorporated into the contract between them for the execution of the works is that planes are considered as specification as the project contract documents, they become part of the performance contract between the property and the contractor. 38. The specification includes 4 types of conditions. Define it and a brief description. • Technical conditions refer to studies that have q do, features and quality of materials, special care and specific details to keep in mind during implementation, and quality checks and tests prescribed.• Optional Terms refer to the rights and obligations of the parties and their representatives at the time of executing the project. • Economic conditions refer to the guarantees, price formation, forms of payment and compensation for failure. • Legal terms refer to the profile of the contractor, the form of award, the type of contract, compulsory insurance underwriting liability and other issues. 39. Classification of specs for their content. 7. Functional refer to the functions or uses of the object or service described without dwelling on formal aspects. 8. Descriptive reference to the aesthetic, formal, dimensional or material properties. 9. For reference mark indicating the brand and model of a product from a particular supplier or manufacturer. 10. By reference to standard refers to a rule to describe the product or service, specify materials, manufacturing processes and quality control or testing. Can be complementary to other specifications. 11. Closed can only be accomplished by a single manufacturer or supplier. Specifications as indicated by mark are always closed. 12. Open its not closed, general performance specifications, descriptive norm-referenced and are open. 13. Mixed referring to the same functional aspects as both descriptive and otherwise. 40. What is and what formula is used for price review? Allows you to check the prices on the economic conditions of the specification. In projects which exceeds one year, may accept the revision of prices according to the criteria fit. 41. What is depreciation, residual value? What is accelerated depreciation? Constant depreciation: A method that corresponds with the hypothesis linear depreciation over the life of the product or amortization period chosen. Amortization variable in progression: the depreciation curves approximate arithmetic increasing or decreasing according to the desired setting. 42. Budgets, definition and types. Execution budget material (PEM), PEC and the total budget for knowledge management (comprehensive budget) A budget is a priori assessment of a product or service. This assessment is based on the forecast of total costs involved increase with the expected profit margin is intended to provide a picture as possible about the amount of its realization. Generally referred to briefly by budget, budget execution material (PEM), which does not include general business expenses or benefit industrial or engineering fees. It is considered contract budget (PEC) to the operating budget plus material overhead rates and benefit industrial companies. Sometimes when the client is a public service, the total budget request called for the attention of the administration, which corresponds to the contract budget, plus fees for project and construction management. 43. Define basic prices, decomposed, state measurement and assessment or budget chapter. Prices elementary examples: prices are cost as nature as a basis for the calculation of the decomposed. Decomposed prices are collected from a break down the project into parts, work items or work units. State measures: document shall be measured or determine the number of times to repeat each of the units of work on the project. Rating: summary sheet of material implementation costs of the various chapters, indicating the end the total cost of the project, date and signature must accompany the college with all its data.44. Section or unit of work and part of which consists call the detailed section of a work unit, which consists of the following parts:-Code: alphanumeric set allows the identification of each unit of work. -Unit of measure: for each unit of work using the most appropriate unit of measurement for geometric or physical characteristics. A description of the work unit: contains the common name and a description of the item must be clear, complete and summarized and it is recommended to use the same forms of expression for similar units. -Reference standard: whenever possible, should make reference to the rules, instructions or building systems to complete the definition. -Measurement and metrics: in each unit are set criteria, which means logical compensation, taking into account the uses of the areas, facilitate the measurement of the work for valuation purposes. -Price per unit or total amount of title: the item unit price multiplied by the total amount will be measured. 45. Supply and budgets. Quotations as a work team or service is to provide the total amount through the identification and quantification of all its components. It uses a tree of successive decompositions ever simpler elements (organizational support). These elements, from the total budget to the last base price are called concepts. 46. Cost estimate and budget fast. For the preparation of estimates, securities firms determine annual average cost of execution that ensure adequate reliability. 47. Purpose and benefits of standardization. Standardization is a collective effort aimed at creating solutions to recurring situations. This activity involves the development, dissemination and application of standards. Standardization offers significant benefits to society by facilitating the adaptation of products processes and services to the purpose for which they are intended, protecting health and the environment, preventing trade barriers and facilitating technology cooperation. Advantages: • For manufacturers: • Streamline varieties and types of products. • Reduce the volume of stocks in storage and production costs. • Improved management and design. • Streamline the processing of orders. • Facilitates the marketing of products and export. • Simplifies purchasing management. • For consumers: • Establishes standards of quality and safety of products and services. • Reports of product characteristics. • Facilitates comparison between different offers. • For the administration: • Simplifies the development of legal texts. • Establishes policies for quality, safety and environmental. • Assistance to economic development. • Streamline trade. 48. What is a standard? Standard kinds of care to their area chart. Standards are technical documents with the following characteristics: 1) They contain voluntary technical specifications. • Manufacturers. • Administration. • Users and consumers. • Research centers and laboratories. • Associations and Professional Associations. • Social Partners, etc. 2) They are made by consensus of interested parties: 3) are based on the results of experience and development tenológico. 4) They are approved by a national, regional or recognized international standards. 5) are available to the public. The rules are classified according to their field graph: a) National standards, subject to a period of public information and sanctioned by a recognized body. B) Regional standards, developed within a framework of a standards body.C) International standards: the same as regional in their development but the scope is global. 49. What are the technical barriers and harmonized standards? Technical barriers are trade barriers created because of the existence of different regulations, standards, test methods and certification procedures in different countries of the European Union, demands that the products sold in different countries have to meet different national technical specifications are technical barriers to intra-Community trade, causing additional costs to products, goods and services. A harmonized standard is a technical specification approved by a European standardization organization, prepared under a mandate from the Commission in accordance with the provisions. These harmonized standards, like the rest of European standards are adopted by AENOR, usually, with the coding UNE-EN. 50.
Certification
Basic concepts and value of certification. Certification is the action carried out by an independent entity recognized as stakeholders, by which it states that it has adequate confidence that a product complies with a standard or normative document. Increased competition for products and services requires the use of all factors that contribute to the quality improvement of the competitiveness of enterprises. Certification systems rules are a clear expression of the quality of the product, which helps businesses:? The introduction of their products in other markets. ? The evidence against their clients under the rules that apply to them. ? The recognition and differentiation in the market. ? Compliance with national regulations. ?